helpers.php

<?php
if ( ! function_exists('append_config'))
{
    /**
     * Assign high numeric IDs to a config item to force appending.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @return array
     */
    function append_config(array $array)
    {
        $start = 9999;

        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (is_numeric($key))
            {
                $start++;

                $array[$start] = array_pull($array, $key);
            }
        }

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_add'))
{
    /**
     * Add an element to an array using "dot" notation if it doesn't exist.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return array
     */
    function array_add($array, $key, $value)
    {
        if (is_null(get($array, $key)))
        {
            set($array, $key, $value);
        }

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_build'))
{
    /**
     * Build a new array using a callback.
     *
     * @param  array     $array
     * @param  \Closure  $callback
     * @return array
     */
    function array_build($array, Closure $callback)
    {
        $results = array();

        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            list($innerKey, $innerValue) = call_user_func($callback, $key, $value);

            $results[$innerKey] = $innerValue;
        }

        return $results;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_divide'))
{
    /**
     * Divide an array into two arrays. One with keys and the other with values.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @return array
     */
    function array_divide($array)
    {
        return array(array_keys($array), array_values($array));
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_dot'))
{
    /**
     * Flatten a multi-dimensional associative array with dots.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $prepend
     * @return array
     */
    function array_dot($array, $prepend = '')
    {
        $results = array();

        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (is_array($value))
            {
                $results = array_merge($results, dot($value, $prepend.$key.'.'));
            }
            else
            {
                $results[$prepend.$key] = $value;
            }
        }

        return $results;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_except'))
{
    /**
     * Get all of the given array except for a specified array of items.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @param  array|string  $keys
     * @return array
     */
    function array_except($array, $keys)
    {
        return array_diff_key($array, array_flip((array) $keys));
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_fetch'))
{
    /**
     * Fetch a flattened array of a nested array element.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return array
     */
    function array_fetch($array, $key)
    {
        $results = array();

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            foreach ($array as $value)
            {
                if (array_key_exists($segment, $value = (array) $value))
                {
                    $results[] = $value[$segment];
                }
            }

            $array = array_values($results);
        }

        return array_values($results);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_first'))
{
    /**
     * Return the first element in an array passing a given truth test.
     *
     * @param  array     $array
     * @param  \Closure  $callback
     * @param  mixed     $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function array_first($array, $callback, $default = null)
    {
        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (call_user_func($callback, $key, $value)) return $value;
        }

        return value($default);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_last'))
{
    /**
     * Return the last element in an array passing a given truth test.
     *
     * @param  array     $array
     * @param  \Closure  $callback
     * @param  mixed     $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function array_last($array, $callback, $default = null)
    {
        return first(array_reverse($array), $callback, $default);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_flatten'))
{
    /**
     * Flatten a multi-dimensional array into a single level.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @return array
     */
    function array_flatten($array)
    {
        $return = array();

        array_walk_recursive($array, function($x) use (&$return) { $return[] = $x; });

        return $return;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_forget'))
{
    /**
     * Remove one or many array items from a given array using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @param  array|string  $keys
     * @return void
     */
    function array_forget(&$array, $keys)
    {
        $original =& $array;

        foreach ((array) $keys as $key)
        {
            $parts = explode('.', $key);

            while (count($parts) > 1)
            {
                $part = array_shift($parts);

                if (isset($array[$part]) && is_array($array[$part]))
                {
                    $array =& $array[$part];
                }
            }

            unset($array[array_shift($parts)]);

            // clean up after each pass
            $array =& $original;
        }
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_get'))
{
    /**
     * Get an item from an array using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function array_get($array, $key, $default = null)
    {
        if (is_null($key)) return $array;

        if (isset($array[$key])) return $array[$key];

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            if ( ! is_array($array) || ! array_key_exists($segment, $array))
            {
                return value($default);
            }

            $array = $array[$segment];
        }

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_has'))
{
    /**
     * Check if an item exists in an array using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return bool
     */
    function array_has($array, $key)
    {
        if (empty($array) || is_null($key)) return false;

        if (array_key_exists($key, $array)) return true;

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            if ( ! is_array($array) || ! array_key_exists($segment, $array))
            {
                return false;
            }

            $array = $array[$segment];
        }

        return true;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_only'))
{
    /**
     * Get a subset of the items from the given array.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @param  array|string  $keys
     * @return array
     */
    function array_only($array, $keys)
    {
        return array_intersect_key($array, array_flip((array) $keys));
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_pluck'))
{
    /**
     * Pluck an array of values from an array.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $value
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return array
     */
    function array_pluck($array, $value, $key = null)
    {
        $results = array();

        foreach ($array as $item)
        {
            $itemValue = data_get($item, $value);

            // If the key is "null", we will just append the value to the array and keep
            // looping. Otherwise we will key the array using the value of the key we
            // received from the developer. Then we'll return the final array form.
            if (is_null($key))
            {
                $results[] = $itemValue;
            }
            else
            {
                $itemKey = data_get($item, $key);

                $results[$itemKey] = $itemValue;
            }
        }

        return $results;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_pull'))
{
    /**
     * Get a value from the array, and remove it.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function array_pull(&$array, $key, $default = null)
    {
        $value = get($array, $key, $default);

        forget($array, $key);

        return $value;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_set'))
{
    /**
     * Set an array item to a given value using "dot" notation.
     *
     * If no key is given to the method, the entire array will be replaced.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return array
     */
    function array_set(&$array, $key, $value)
    {
        if (is_null($key)) return $array = $value;

        $keys = explode('.', $key);

        while (count($keys) > 1)
        {
            $key = array_shift($keys);

            // If the key doesn't exist at this depth, we will just create an empty array
            // to hold the next value, allowing us to create the arrays to hold final
            // values at the correct depth. Then we'll keep digging into the array.
            if ( ! isset($array[$key]) || ! is_array($array[$key]))
            {
                $array[$key] = array();
            }

            $array =& $array[$key];
        }

        $array[array_shift($keys)] = $value;

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('array_where'))
{
    /**
     * Filter the array using the given Closure.
     *
     * @param  array     $array
     * @param  \Closure  $callback
     * @return array
     */
    function array_where($array, Closure $callback)
    {
        $filtered = array();

        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (call_user_func($callback, $key, $value)) $filtered[$key] = $value;
        }

        return $filtered;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('camel_case'))
{
    /**
     * Convert a value to camel case.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    function camel_case($value)
    {
        static $camelCache = [];

        if (isset($camelCache[$value]))
        {
            return $camelCache[$value];
        }

        return $camelCache[$value] = lcfirst(studly($value));
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('class_basename'))
{
    /**
     * Get the class "basename" of the given object / class.
     *
     * @param  string|object  $class
     * @return string
     */
    function class_basename($class)
    {
        $class = is_object($class) ? get_class($class) : $class;

        return basename(str_replace('\\', '/', $class));
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('class_uses_recursive'))
{
    /**
     * Returns all traits used by a class, it's subclasses and trait of their traits
     *
     * @param  string  $class
     * @return array
     */
    function class_uses_recursive($class)
    {
        $results = [];

        foreach (array_merge([$class => $class], class_parents($class)) as $class)
        {
            $results += trait_uses_recursive($class);
        }

        return array_unique($results);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('data_get'))
{
    /**
     * Get an item from an array or object using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  mixed   $target
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function data_get($target, $key, $default = null)
    {
        if (is_null($key)) return $target;

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            if (is_array($target))
            {
                if ( ! array_key_exists($segment, $target))
                {
                    return value($default);
                }

                $target = $target[$segment];
            }
            elseif ($target instanceof ArrayAccess)
            {
                if ( ! isset($target[$segment]))
                {
                    return value($default);
                }

                $target = $target[$segment];
            }
            elseif (is_object($target))
            {
                if ( ! isset($target->{$segment}))
                {
                    return value($default);
                }

                $target = $target->{$segment};
            }
            else
            {
                return value($default);
            }
        }

        return $target;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('e'))
{
    /**
     * Escape HTML entities in a string.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    function e($value)
    {
        return htmlentities($value, ENT_QUOTES, 'UTF-8', false);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('ends_with'))
{
    /**
     * Determine if a given string ends with a given substring.
     *
     * @param  string  $haystack
     * @param  string|array  $needles
     * @return bool
     */
    function ends_with($haystack, $needles)
    {
        foreach ((array) $needles as $needle)
        {
            if ((string) $needle === substr($haystack, -strlen($needle))) return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('head'))
{
    /**
     * Get the first element of an array. Useful for method chaining.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @return mixed
     */
    function head($array)
    {
        return reset($array);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('last'))
{
    /**
     * Get the last element from an array.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @return mixed
     */
    function last($array)
    {
        return end($array);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('object_get'))
{
    /**
     * Get an item from an object using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  object  $object
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function object_get($object, $key, $default = null)
    {
        if (is_null($key) || trim($key) == '') return $object;

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            if ( ! is_object($object) || ! isset($object->{$segment}))
            {
                return value($default);
            }

            $object = $object->{$segment};
        }

        return $object;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('preg_replace_sub'))
{
    /**
     * Replace a given pattern with each value in the array in sequentially.
     *
     * @param  string  $pattern
     * @param  array   $replacements
     * @param  string  $subject
     * @return string
     */
    function preg_replace_sub($pattern, &$replacements, $subject)
    {
        return preg_replace_callback($pattern, function() use (&$replacements)
        {
            return array_shift($replacements);

        }, $subject);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('snake_case'))
{
    /**
     * Convert a string to snake case.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @param  string  $delimiter
     * @return string
     */
    function snake_case($value, $delimiter = '_')
    {
        static $snakeCache = [];
        $key = $value.$delimiter;

        if (isset($snakeCache[$key]))
        {
            return $snakeCache[$key];
        }

        if ( ! ctype_lower($value))
        {
            $value = strtolower(preg_replace('/(.)(?=[A-Z])/', '$1'.$delimiter, $value));
        }

        return $snakeCache[$key] = $value;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('starts_with'))
{
    /**
     * Determine if a given string starts with a given substring.
     *
     * @param  string  $haystack
     * @param  string|array  $needles
     * @return bool
     */
    function starts_with($haystack, $needles)
    {
        foreach ((array) $needles as $needle)
        {
            if ($needle != '' && strpos($haystack, $needle) === 0) return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_contains'))
{
    /**
     * Determine if a given string contains a given substring.
     *
     * @param  string  $haystack
     * @param  string|array  $needles
     * @return bool
     */
    function str_contains($haystack, $needles)
    {
        foreach ((array) $needles as $needle)
        {
            if ($needle != '' && strpos($haystack, $needle) !== false) return true;
        }

        return false;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_finish'))
{
    /**
     * Cap a string with a single instance of a given value.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @param  string  $cap
     * @return string
     */
    function str_finish($value, $cap)
    {
        $quoted = preg_quote($cap, '/');

        return preg_replace('/(?:'.$quoted.')+$/', '', $value).$cap;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_is'))
{
    /**
     * Determine if a given string matches a given pattern.
     *
     * @param  string  $pattern
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return bool
     */
    function str_is($pattern, $value)
    {
        if ($pattern == $value) return true;

        $pattern = preg_quote($pattern, '#');

        // Asterisks are translated into zero-or-more regular expression wildcards
        // to make it convenient to check if the strings starts with the given
        // pattern such as "library/*", making any string check convenient.
        $pattern = str_replace('\*', '.*', $pattern).'\z';

        return (bool) preg_match('#^'.$pattern.'#', $value);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_limit'))
{
    /**
     * Limit the number of characters in a string.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @param  int     $limit
     * @param  string  $end
     * @return string
     */
    function str_limit($value, $limit = 100, $end = '...')
    {
        if (mb_strlen($value) <= $limit) return $value;

        return rtrim(mb_substr($value, 0, $limit, 'UTF-8')).$end;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_random'))
{
    /**
     * Generate a more truly "random" alpha-numeric string.
     *
     * @param  int  $length
     * @return string
     *
     * @throws \RuntimeException
     */
    function str_random($length = 16)
    {
        if ( ! function_exists('openssl_random_pseudo_bytes'))
        {
            throw new RuntimeException('OpenSSL extension is required.');
        }

        $bytes = openssl_random_pseudo_bytes($length * 2);

        if ($bytes === false)
        {
            throw new RuntimeException('Unable to generate random string.');
        }

        return substr(str_replace(array('/', '+', '='), '', base64_encode($bytes)), 0, $length);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_replace_array'))
{
    /**
     * Replace a given value in the string sequentially with an array.
     *
     * @param  string  $search
     * @param  array   $replace
     * @param  string  $subject
     * @return string
     */
    function str_replace_array($search, array $replace, $subject)
    {
        foreach ($replace as $value)
        {
            $subject = preg_replace('/'.$search.'/', $value, $subject, 1);
        }

        return $subject;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('str_slug'))
{
    /**
     * Generate a URL friendly "slug" from a given string.
     *
     * @param  string  $title
     * @param  string  $separator
     * @return string
     */
    function str_slug($title, $separator = '-')
	{
        $title = ascii($title);

        // Convert all dashes/underscores into separator
        $flip = $separator == '-' ? '_' : '-';

        $title = preg_replace('!['.preg_quote($flip).']+!u', $separator, $title);

        // Remove all characters that are not the separator, letters, numbers, or whitespace.
        $title = preg_replace('![^'.preg_quote($separator).'\pL\pN\s]+!u', '', mb_strtolower($title));

        // Replace all separator characters and whitespace by a single separator
        $title = preg_replace('!['.preg_quote($separator).'\s]+!u', $separator, $title);

        return trim($title, $separator);
	}
}

if ( ! function_exists('ascii'))
{
    /**
     * Transliterate a UTF-8 value to ASCII.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    function ascii($value)
    {
        foreach (charsArray() as $key => $val) {
            $value = str_replace($val, $key, $value);
        }

        return preg_replace('/[^\x20-\x7E]/u', '', $value);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('charsArray'))
{
    /**
     * Returns the replacements for the ascii method.
     *
     * Note: Adapted from Stringy\Stringy.
     *
     * @see https://github.com/danielstjules/Stringy/blob/2.3.1/LICENSE.txt
     *
     * @return array
     */
    function charsArray()
    {
        static $charsArray;

        if (isset($charsArray)) {
            return $charsArray;
        }

        return $charsArray = [
            '0'    => ['°', '₀', '۰'],
            '1'    => ['¹', '₁', '۱'],
            '2'    => ['²', '₂', '۲'],
            '3'    => ['³', '₃', '۳'],
            '4'    => ['⁴', '₄', '۴', '٤'],
            '5'    => ['⁵', '₅', '۵', '٥'],
            '6'    => ['⁶', '₆', '۶', '٦'],
            '7'    => ['⁷', '₇', '۷'],
            '8'    => ['⁸', '₈', '۸'],
            '9'    => ['⁹', '₉', '۹'],
            'a'    => ['à', 'á', 'ả', 'ã', 'ạ', 'ă', 'ắ', 'ằ', 'ẳ', 'ẵ', 'ặ', 'â', 'ấ', 'ầ', 'ẩ', 'ẫ', 'ậ', 'ā', 'ą', 'å', 'α', 'ά', 'ἀ', 'ἁ', 'ἂ', 'ἃ', 'ἄ', 'ἅ', 'ἆ', 'ἇ', 'ᾀ', 'ᾁ', 'ᾂ', 'ᾃ', 'ᾄ', 'ᾅ', 'ᾆ', 'ᾇ', 'ὰ', 'ά', 'ᾰ', 'ᾱ', 'ᾲ', 'ᾳ', 'ᾴ', 'ᾶ', 'ᾷ', 'а', 'أ', 'အ', 'ာ', 'ါ', 'ǻ', 'ǎ', 'ª', 'ა', 'अ', 'ا'],
            'b'    => ['б', 'β', 'Ъ', 'Ь', 'ب', 'ဗ', 'ბ'],
            'c'    => ['ç', 'ć', 'č', 'ĉ', 'ċ'],
            'd'    => ['ď', 'ð', 'đ', 'ƌ', 'ȡ', 'ɖ', 'ɗ', 'ᵭ', 'ᶁ', 'ᶑ', 'д', 'δ', 'د', 'ض', 'ဍ', 'ဒ', 'დ'],
            'e'    => ['é', 'è', 'ẻ', 'ẽ', 'ẹ', 'ê', 'ế', 'ề', 'ể', 'ễ', 'ệ', 'ë', 'ē', 'ę', 'ě', 'ĕ', 'ė', 'ε', 'έ', 'ἐ', 'ἑ', 'ἒ', 'ἓ', 'ἔ', 'ἕ', 'ὲ', 'έ', 'е', 'ё', 'э', 'є', 'ə', 'ဧ', 'ေ', 'ဲ', 'ე', 'ए', 'إ', 'ئ'],
            'f'    => ['ф', 'φ', 'ف', 'ƒ', 'ფ'],
            'g'    => ['ĝ', 'ğ', 'ġ', 'ģ', 'г', 'ґ', 'γ', 'ဂ', 'გ', 'گ'],
            'h'    => ['ĥ', 'ħ', 'η', 'ή', 'ح', 'ه', 'ဟ', 'ှ', 'ჰ'],
            'i'    => ['í', 'ì', 'ỉ', 'ĩ', 'ị', 'î', 'ï', 'ī', 'ĭ', 'į', 'ı', 'ι', 'ί', 'ϊ', 'ΐ', 'ἰ', 'ἱ', 'ἲ', 'ἳ', 'ἴ', 'ἵ', 'ἶ', 'ἷ', 'ὶ', 'ί', 'ῐ', 'ῑ', 'ῒ', 'ΐ', 'ῖ', 'ῗ', 'і', 'ї', 'и', 'ဣ', 'ိ', 'ီ', 'ည်', 'ǐ', 'ი', 'इ'],
            'j'    => ['ĵ', 'ј', 'Ј', 'ჯ', 'ج'],
            'k'    => ['ķ', 'ĸ', 'к', 'κ', 'Ķ', 'ق', 'ك', 'က', 'კ', 'ქ', 'ک'],
            'l'    => ['ł', 'ľ', 'ĺ', 'ļ', 'ŀ', 'л', 'λ', 'ل', 'လ', 'ლ'],
            'm'    => ['м', 'μ', 'م', 'မ', 'მ'],
            'n'    => ['ñ', 'ń', 'ň', 'ņ', 'ʼn', 'ŋ', 'ν', 'н', 'ن', 'န', 'ნ'],
            'o'    => ['ó', 'ò', 'ỏ', 'õ', 'ọ', 'ô', 'ố', 'ồ', 'ổ', 'ỗ', 'ộ', 'ơ', 'ớ', 'ờ', 'ở', 'ỡ', 'ợ', 'ø', 'ō', 'ő', 'ŏ', 'ο', 'ὀ', 'ὁ', 'ὂ', 'ὃ', 'ὄ', 'ὅ', 'ὸ', 'ό', 'о', 'و', 'θ', 'ို', 'ǒ', 'ǿ', 'º', 'ო', 'ओ'],
            'p'    => ['п', 'π', 'ပ', 'პ', 'پ'],
            'q'    => ['ყ'],
            'r'    => ['ŕ', 'ř', 'ŗ', 'р', 'ρ', 'ر', 'რ'],
            's'    => ['ś', 'š', 'ş', 'с', 'σ', 'ș', 'ς', 'س', 'ص', 'စ', 'ſ', 'ს'],
            't'    => ['ť', 'ţ', 'т', 'τ', 'ț', 'ت', 'ط', 'ဋ', 'တ', 'ŧ', 'თ', 'ტ'],
            'u'    => ['ú', 'ù', 'ủ', 'ũ', 'ụ', 'ư', 'ứ', 'ừ', 'ử', 'ữ', 'ự', 'û', 'ū', 'ů', 'ű', 'ŭ', 'ų', 'µ', 'у', 'ဉ', 'ု', 'ူ', 'ǔ', 'ǖ', 'ǘ', 'ǚ', 'ǜ', 'უ', 'उ'],
            'v'    => ['в', 'ვ', 'ϐ'],
            'w'    => ['ŵ', 'ω', 'ώ', 'ဝ', 'ွ'],
            'x'    => ['χ', 'ξ'],
            'y'    => ['ý', 'ỳ', 'ỷ', 'ỹ', 'ỵ', 'ÿ', 'ŷ', 'й', 'ы', 'υ', 'ϋ', 'ύ', 'ΰ', 'ي', 'ယ'],
            'z'    => ['ź', 'ž', 'ż', 'з', 'ζ', 'ز', 'ဇ', 'ზ'],
            'aa'   => ['ع', 'आ', 'آ'],
            'ae'   => ['ä', 'æ', 'ǽ'],
            'ai'   => ['ऐ'],
            'at'   => ['@'],
            'ch'   => ['ч', 'ჩ', 'ჭ', 'چ'],
            'dj'   => ['ђ', 'đ'],
            'dz'   => ['џ', 'ძ'],
            'ei'   => ['ऍ'],
            'gh'   => ['غ', 'ღ'],
            'ii'   => ['ई'],
            'ij'   => ['ij'],
            'kh'   => ['х', 'خ', 'ხ'],
            'lj'   => ['љ'],
            'nj'   => ['њ'],
            'oe'   => ['ö', 'œ', 'ؤ'],
            'oi'   => ['ऑ'],
            'oii'  => ['ऒ'],
            'ps'   => ['ψ'],
            'sh'   => ['ш', 'შ', 'ش'],
            'shch' => ['щ'],
            'ss'   => ['ß'],
            'sx'   => ['ŝ'],
            'th'   => ['þ', 'ϑ', 'ث', 'ذ', 'ظ'],
            'ts'   => ['ц', 'ც', 'წ'],
            'ue'   => ['ü'],
            'uu'   => ['ऊ'],
            'ya'   => ['я'],
            'yu'   => ['ю'],
            'zh'   => ['ж', 'ჟ', 'ژ'],
            '(c)'  => ['©'],
            'A'    => ['Á', 'À', 'Ả', 'Ã', 'Ạ', 'Ă', 'Ắ', 'Ằ', 'Ẳ', 'Ẵ', 'Ặ', 'Â', 'Ấ', 'Ầ', 'Ẩ', 'Ẫ', 'Ậ', 'Å', 'Ā', 'Ą', 'Α', 'Ά', 'Ἀ', 'Ἁ', 'Ἂ', 'Ἃ', 'Ἄ', 'Ἅ', 'Ἆ', 'Ἇ', 'ᾈ', 'ᾉ', 'ᾊ', 'ᾋ', 'ᾌ', 'ᾍ', 'ᾎ', 'ᾏ', 'Ᾰ', 'Ᾱ', 'Ὰ', 'Ά', 'ᾼ', 'А', 'Ǻ', 'Ǎ'],
            'B'    => ['Б', 'Β', 'ब'],
            'C'    => ['Ç', 'Ć', 'Č', 'Ĉ', 'Ċ'],
            'D'    => ['Ď', 'Ð', 'Đ', 'Ɖ', 'Ɗ', 'Ƌ', 'ᴅ', 'ᴆ', 'Д', 'Δ'],
            'E'    => ['É', 'È', 'Ẻ', 'Ẽ', 'Ẹ', 'Ê', 'Ế', 'Ề', 'Ể', 'Ễ', 'Ệ', 'Ë', 'Ē', 'Ę', 'Ě', 'Ĕ', 'Ė', 'Ε', 'Έ', 'Ἐ', 'Ἑ', 'Ἒ', 'Ἓ', 'Ἔ', 'Ἕ', 'Έ', 'Ὲ', 'Е', 'Ё', 'Э', 'Є', 'Ə'],
            'F'    => ['Ф', 'Φ'],
            'G'    => ['Ğ', 'Ġ', 'Ģ', 'Г', 'Ґ', 'Γ'],
            'H'    => ['Η', 'Ή', 'Ħ'],
            'I'    => ['Í', 'Ì', 'Ỉ', 'Ĩ', 'Ị', 'Î', 'Ï', 'Ī', 'Ĭ', 'Į', 'İ', 'Ι', 'Ί', 'Ϊ', 'Ἰ', 'Ἱ', 'Ἳ', 'Ἴ', 'Ἵ', 'Ἶ', 'Ἷ', 'Ῐ', 'Ῑ', 'Ὶ', 'Ί', 'И', 'І', 'Ї', 'Ǐ', 'ϒ'],
            'K'    => ['К', 'Κ'],
            'L'    => ['Ĺ', 'Ł', 'Л', 'Λ', 'Ļ', 'Ľ', 'Ŀ', 'ल'],
            'M'    => ['М', 'Μ'],
            'N'    => ['Ń', 'Ñ', 'Ň', 'Ņ', 'Ŋ', 'Н', 'Ν'],
            'O'    => ['Ó', 'Ò', 'Ỏ', 'Õ', 'Ọ', 'Ô', 'Ố', 'Ồ', 'Ổ', 'Ỗ', 'Ộ', 'Ơ', 'Ớ', 'Ờ', 'Ở', 'Ỡ', 'Ợ', 'Ø', 'Ō', 'Ő', 'Ŏ', 'Ο', 'Ό', 'Ὀ', 'Ὁ', 'Ὂ', 'Ὃ', 'Ὄ', 'Ὅ', 'Ὸ', 'Ό', 'О', 'Θ', 'Ө', 'Ǒ', 'Ǿ'],
            'P'    => ['П', 'Π'],
            'R'    => ['Ř', 'Ŕ', 'Р', 'Ρ', 'Ŗ'],
            'S'    => ['Ş', 'Ŝ', 'Ș', 'Š', 'Ś', 'С', 'Σ'],
            'T'    => ['Ť', 'Ţ', 'Ŧ', 'Ț', 'Т', 'Τ'],
            'U'    => ['Ú', 'Ù', 'Ủ', 'Ũ', 'Ụ', 'Ư', 'Ứ', 'Ừ', 'Ử', 'Ữ', 'Ự', 'Û', 'Ū', 'Ů', 'Ű', 'Ŭ', 'Ų', 'У', 'Ǔ', 'Ǖ', 'Ǘ', 'Ǚ', 'Ǜ'],
            'V'    => ['В'],
            'W'    => ['Ω', 'Ώ', 'Ŵ'],
            'X'    => ['Χ', 'Ξ'],
            'Y'    => ['Ý', 'Ỳ', 'Ỷ', 'Ỹ', 'Ỵ', 'Ÿ', 'Ῠ', 'Ῡ', 'Ὺ', 'Ύ', 'Ы', 'Й', 'Υ', 'Ϋ', 'Ŷ'],
            'Z'    => ['Ź', 'Ž', 'Ż', 'З', 'Ζ'],
            'AE'   => ['Ä', 'Æ', 'Ǽ'],
            'CH'   => ['Ч'],
            'DJ'   => ['Ђ'],
            'DZ'   => ['Џ'],
            'GX'   => ['Ĝ'],
            'HX'   => ['Ĥ'],
            'IJ'   => ['IJ'],
            'JX'   => ['Ĵ'],
            'KH'   => ['Х'],
            'LJ'   => ['Љ'],
            'NJ'   => ['Њ'],
            'OE'   => ['Ö', 'Œ'],
            'PS'   => ['Ψ'],
            'SH'   => ['Ш'],
            'SHCH' => ['Щ'],
            'SS'   => ['ẞ'],
            'TH'   => ['Þ'],
            'TS'   => ['Ц'],
            'UE'   => ['Ü'],
            'YA'   => ['Я'],
            'YU'   => ['Ю'],
            'ZH'   => ['Ж'],
            ' '    => ["\xC2\xA0", "\xE2\x80\x80", "\xE2\x80\x81", "\xE2\x80\x82", "\xE2\x80\x83", "\xE2\x80\x84", "\xE2\x80\x85", "\xE2\x80\x86", "\xE2\x80\x87", "\xE2\x80\x88", "\xE2\x80\x89", "\xE2\x80\x8A", "\xE2\x80\xAF", "\xE2\x81\x9F", "\xE3\x80\x80"],
        ];
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('studly_case'))
{
    /**
     * Convert a value to studly caps case.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    function studly_case($value)
    {
        static $studlyCache = [];
        $key = $value;

        if (isset($studlyCache[$key]))
        {
            return $studlyCache[$key];
        }

        $value = ucwords(str_replace(array('-', '_'), ' ', $value));

        return $studlyCache[$key] = str_replace(' ', '', $value);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('trait_uses_recursive'))
{
    /**
     * Returns all traits used by a trait and its traits
     *
     * @param  string  $trait
     * @return array
     */
    function trait_uses_recursive($trait)
    {
        $traits = class_uses($trait);

        foreach ($traits as $trait)
        {
            $traits += trait_uses_recursive($trait);
        }

        return $traits;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('value'))
{
    /**
     * Return the default value of the given value.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return mixed
     */
    function value($value)
    {
        return $value instanceof Closure ? $value() : $value;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('with'))
{
    /**
     * Return the given object. Useful for chaining.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $object
     * @return mixed
     */
    function with($object)
    {
        return $object;
    }
}

/**
 * Helper functions for the helper functions, that can still be used standalone
 */
if ( ! function_exists('studly'))
{
    /**
     * Convert a value to studly caps case.
     *
     * @param  string  $value
     * @return string
     */
    function studly($value)
    {
        static $studlyCache = [];
        $key = $value;

        if (isset($studlyCache[$key]))
        {
            return $studlyCache[$key];
        }

        $value = ucwords(str_replace(array('-', '_'), ' ', $value));

        return $studlyCache[$key] = str_replace(' ', '', $value);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('get'))
{
    /**
     * Get an item from an array using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function get($array, $key, $default = null)
    {
        if (is_null($key)) return $array;

        if (isset($array[$key])) return $array[$key];

        foreach (explode('.', $key) as $segment)
        {
            if ( ! is_array($array) || ! array_key_exists($segment, $array))
            {
                return value($default);
            }

            $array = $array[$segment];
        }

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('set'))
{
    /**
     * Set an array item to a given value using "dot" notation.
     *
     * If no key is given to the method, the entire array will be replaced.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return array
     */
    function set(&$array, $key, $value)
    {
        if (is_null($key)) return $array = $value;

        $keys = explode('.', $key);

        while (count($keys) > 1)
        {
            $key = array_shift($keys);

            // If the key doesn't exist at this depth, we will just create an empty array
            // to hold the next value, allowing us to create the arrays to hold final
            // values at the correct depth. Then we'll keep digging into the array.
            if ( ! isset($array[$key]) || ! is_array($array[$key]))
            {
                $array[$key] = array();
            }

            $array =& $array[$key];
        }

        $array[array_shift($keys)] = $value;

        return $array;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('dot'))
{
    /**
     * Flatten a multi-dimensional associative array with dots.
     *
     * @param  array   $array
     * @param  string  $prepend
     * @return array
     */
    function dot($array, $prepend = '')
    {
        $results = array();

        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (is_array($value))
            {
                $results = array_merge($results, dot($value, $prepend.$key.'.'));
            }
            else
            {
                $results[$prepend.$key] = $value;
            }
        }

        return $results;
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('first'))
{
    /**
     * Return the first element in an array passing a given truth test.
     *
     * @param  array     $array
     * @param  \Closure  $callback
     * @param  mixed     $default
     * @return mixed
     */
    function first($array, $callback, $default = null)
    {
        foreach ($array as $key => $value)
        {
            if (call_user_func($callback, $key, $value)) return $value;
        }

        return value($default);
    }
}

if ( ! function_exists('forget'))
{
    /**
     * Remove one or many array items from a given array using "dot" notation.
     *
     * @param  array  $array
     * @param  array|string  $keys
     * @return void
     */
    function forget(&$array, $keys)
    {
        $original =& $array;

        foreach ((array) $keys as $key)
        {
            $parts = explode('.', $key);

            while (count($parts) > 1)
            {
                $part = array_shift($parts);

                if (isset($array[$part]) && is_array($array[$part]))
                {
                    $array =& $array[$part];
                }
            }

            unset($array[array_shift($parts)]);

            // clean up after each pass
            $array =& $original;
        }
    }
}