diff --git a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/cluster/plotter.rs b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/cluster/plotter.rs
index 49af09578d..26927d8262 100644
--- a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/cluster/plotter.rs
+++ b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/cluster/plotter.rs
@@ -398,7 +398,10 @@ where
             cuda_devices
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|cuda_device| CudaRecordsEncoder::new(cuda_device, Arc::clone(&global_mutex)))
-                .collect(),
+                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+                .map_err(|error| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create CUDA records encoder: {error}")
+                })?,
             global_mutex,
             kzg,
             erasure_coding,
@@ -477,7 +480,10 @@ where
             rocm_devices
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|rocm_device| RocmRecordsEncoder::new(rocm_device, Arc::clone(&global_mutex)))
-                .collect(),
+                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+                .map_err(|error| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create ROCm records encoder: {error}")
+                })?,
             global_mutex,
             kzg,
             erasure_coding,
diff --git a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/farm.rs b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/farm.rs
index a6736ed127..1379f42025 100644
--- a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/farm.rs
+++ b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/bin/subspace-farmer/commands/farm.rs
@@ -1072,7 +1072,10 @@ where
             cuda_devices
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|cuda_device| CudaRecordsEncoder::new(cuda_device, Arc::clone(&global_mutex)))
-                .collect(),
+                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+                .map_err(|error| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create CUDA records encoder: {error}")
+                })?,
             global_mutex,
             kzg,
             erasure_coding,
@@ -1151,7 +1154,10 @@ where
             rocm_devices
                 .into_iter()
                 .map(|rocm_device| RocmRecordsEncoder::new(rocm_device, Arc::clone(&global_mutex)))
-                .collect(),
+                .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+                .map_err(|error| {
+                    anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to create ROCm records encoder: {error}")
+                })?,
             global_mutex,
             kzg,
             erasure_coding,
diff --git a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/cuda.rs b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/cuda.rs
index bbbedff731..84af098f9d 100644
--- a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/cuda.rs
+++ b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/cuda.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 use crate::plotter::gpu::GpuRecordsEncoder;
 use async_lock::Mutex as AsyncMutex;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use rayon::{current_thread_index, ThreadPool, ThreadPoolBuildError, ThreadPoolBuilder};
+use std::process::exit;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use subspace_core_primitives::pieces::{PieceOffset, Record};
@@ -14,6 +17,7 @@ use subspace_proof_of_space_gpu::cuda::CudaDevice;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct CudaRecordsEncoder {
     cuda_device: CudaDevice,
+    thread_pool: ThreadPool,
     global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>,
 }
 
@@ -34,21 +38,46 @@ impl RecordsEncoder for CudaRecordsEncoder {
             .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to convert pieces in sector: {error}"))?;
         let mut sector_contents_map = SectorContentsMap::new(pieces_in_sector);
 
-        for ((piece_offset, record), mut encoded_chunks_used) in (PieceOffset::ZERO..)
-            .zip(records.iter_mut())
-            .zip(sector_contents_map.iter_record_bitfields_mut())
         {
-            // Take mutex briefly to make sure encoding is allowed right now
-            self.global_mutex.lock_blocking();
+            let iter = Mutex::new(
+                (PieceOffset::ZERO..)
+                    .zip(records.iter_mut())
+                    .zip(sector_contents_map.iter_record_bitfields_mut()),
+            );
+            let plotting_error = Mutex::new(None::<String>);
 
-            let pos_seed = sector_id.derive_evaluation_seed(piece_offset);
+            self.thread_pool.scope(|scope| {
+                scope.spawn_broadcast(|_scope, _ctx| loop {
+                    // Take mutex briefly to make sure encoding is allowed right now
+                    self.global_mutex.lock_blocking();
 
-            self.cuda_device
-                .generate_and_encode_pospace(&pos_seed, record, encoded_chunks_used.iter_mut())
-                .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+                    // This instead of `while` above because otherwise mutex will be held for the
+                    // duration of the loop and will limit concurrency to 1 record
+                    let Some(((piece_offset, record), mut encoded_chunks_used)) =
+                        iter.lock().next()
+                    else {
+                        return;
+                    };
+                    let pos_seed = sector_id.derive_evaluation_seed(piece_offset);
 
-            if abort_early.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-                break;
+                    if let Err(error) = self.cuda_device.generate_and_encode_pospace(
+                        &pos_seed,
+                        record,
+                        encoded_chunks_used.iter_mut(),
+                    ) {
+                        plotting_error.lock().replace(error);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    if abort_early.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            let plotting_error = plotting_error.lock().take();
+            if let Some(error) = plotting_error {
+                return Err(anyhow::Error::msg(error));
             }
         }
 
@@ -58,10 +87,38 @@ impl RecordsEncoder for CudaRecordsEncoder {
 
 impl CudaRecordsEncoder {
     /// Create new instance
-    pub fn new(cuda_device: CudaDevice, global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        cuda_device: CudaDevice,
+        global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ThreadPoolBuildError> {
+        let id = cuda_device.id();
+        let thread_name = move |thread_index| format!("cuda-{id}.{thread_index}");
+        // TODO: remove this panic handler when rayon logs panic_info
+        // https://github.com/rayon-rs/rayon/issues/1208
+        let panic_handler = move |panic_info| {
+            if let Some(index) = current_thread_index() {
+                eprintln!("panic on thread {}: {:?}", thread_name(index), panic_info);
+            } else {
+                // We want to guarantee exit, rather than panicking in a panic handler.
+                eprintln!(
+                    "rayon panic handler called on non-rayon thread: {:?}",
+                    panic_info
+                );
+            }
+            exit(1);
+        };
+
+        let thread_pool = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+            .thread_name(thread_name)
+            .panic_handler(panic_handler)
+            // Make sure there is overlap between records, so GPU is almost always busy
+            .num_threads(2)
+            .build()?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
             cuda_device,
+            thread_pool,
             global_mutex,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/rocm.rs b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/rocm.rs
index 2aef4c482a..db875b83e1 100644
--- a/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/rocm.rs
+++ b/crates/subspace-farmer/src/plotter/gpu/rocm.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@
 
 use crate::plotter::gpu::GpuRecordsEncoder;
 use async_lock::Mutex as AsyncMutex;
+use parking_lot::Mutex;
+use rayon::{current_thread_index, ThreadPool, ThreadPoolBuildError, ThreadPoolBuilder};
+use std::process::exit;
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use subspace_core_primitives::pieces::{PieceOffset, Record};
@@ -14,6 +17,7 @@ use subspace_proof_of_space_gpu::rocm::RocmDevice;
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct RocmRecordsEncoder {
     rocm_device: RocmDevice,
+    thread_pool: ThreadPool,
     global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>,
 }
 
@@ -34,21 +38,46 @@ impl RecordsEncoder for RocmRecordsEncoder {
             .map_err(|error| anyhow::anyhow!("Failed to convert pieces in sector: {error}"))?;
         let mut sector_contents_map = SectorContentsMap::new(pieces_in_sector);
 
-        for ((piece_offset, record), mut encoded_chunks_used) in (PieceOffset::ZERO..)
-            .zip(records.iter_mut())
-            .zip(sector_contents_map.iter_record_bitfields_mut())
         {
-            // Take mutex briefly to make sure encoding is allowed right now
-            self.global_mutex.lock_blocking();
+            let iter = Mutex::new(
+                (PieceOffset::ZERO..)
+                    .zip(records.iter_mut())
+                    .zip(sector_contents_map.iter_record_bitfields_mut()),
+            );
+            let plotting_error = Mutex::new(None::<String>);
 
-            let pos_seed = sector_id.derive_evaluation_seed(piece_offset);
+            self.thread_pool.scope(|scope| {
+                scope.spawn_broadcast(|_scope, _ctx| loop {
+                    // Take mutex briefly to make sure encoding is allowed right now
+                    self.global_mutex.lock_blocking();
 
-            self.rocm_device
-                .generate_and_encode_pospace(&pos_seed, record, encoded_chunks_used.iter_mut())
-                .map_err(anyhow::Error::msg)?;
+                    // This instead of `while` above because otherwise mutex will be held for the
+                    // duration of the loop and will limit concurrency to 1 record
+                    let Some(((piece_offset, record), mut encoded_chunks_used)) =
+                        iter.lock().next()
+                    else {
+                        return;
+                    };
+                    let pos_seed = sector_id.derive_evaluation_seed(piece_offset);
 
-            if abort_early.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
-                break;
+                    if let Err(error) = self.rocm_device.generate_and_encode_pospace(
+                        &pos_seed,
+                        record,
+                        encoded_chunks_used.iter_mut(),
+                    ) {
+                        plotting_error.lock().replace(error);
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    if abort_early.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                });
+            });
+
+            let plotting_error = plotting_error.lock().take();
+            if let Some(error) = plotting_error {
+                return Err(anyhow::Error::msg(error));
             }
         }
 
@@ -58,10 +87,38 @@ impl RecordsEncoder for RocmRecordsEncoder {
 
 impl RocmRecordsEncoder {
     /// Create new instance
-    pub fn new(rocm_device: RocmDevice, global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>) -> Self {
-        Self {
+    pub fn new(
+        rocm_device: RocmDevice,
+        global_mutex: Arc<AsyncMutex<()>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, ThreadPoolBuildError> {
+        let id = rocm_device.id();
+        let thread_name = move |thread_index| format!("rocm-{id}.{thread_index}");
+        // TODO: remove this panic handler when rayon logs panic_info
+        // https://github.com/rayon-rs/rayon/issues/1208
+        let panic_handler = move |panic_info| {
+            if let Some(index) = current_thread_index() {
+                eprintln!("panic on thread {}: {:?}", thread_name(index), panic_info);
+            } else {
+                // We want to guarantee exit, rather than panicking in a panic handler.
+                eprintln!(
+                    "rayon panic handler called on non-rayon thread: {:?}",
+                    panic_info
+                );
+            }
+            exit(1);
+        };
+
+        let thread_pool = ThreadPoolBuilder::new()
+            .thread_name(thread_name)
+            .panic_handler(panic_handler)
+            // Make sure there is overlap between records, so GPU is almost always busy
+            .num_threads(2)
+            .build()?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
             rocm_device,
+            thread_pool,
             global_mutex,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }