ls: List directory contents.cd: Change the current directory.pwd: Print the current working directory.cp: Copy files and directories.mv: Move or rename files and directories.rm: Remove files or directories.mkdir: Make directories.touch: Change file timestamps or create an empty file.find: Search for files in a directory hierarchy.grep: Search for a pattern within files.cat: Concatenate and display file content.less: View file content one screen at a time.more: View file content one screen at a time.ln: Make links between files.du: Estimate file space usage.df: Report file system disk space usage.tar: Tape archive utility.gzip: Compress or expand files.gunzip: Expand gzip files.unzip: Extract files from ZIP archives.zip: Package and compress (archive) files.rsync: Remote file and directory synchronization.scp: Secure copy (remote file copy program).basename: Strip directory and suffix from filenames.dirname: Strip the last component from file names.file: Determine file type.stat: Display file or file system status.tree: Display directories as trees (recursively).split: Split a file into pieces.xargs: Build and execute command lines from standard input.dd: Convert and copy a file.diff: Compare files line by line.patch: Apply a diff file to an original.wc: Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file.sort: Sort lines of text files.uniq: Report or omit repeated lines.head: Output the first part of files.tail: Output the last part of files.cut: Remove sections from each line of files.paste: Merge lines of files.join: Join lines of two files on a common field.comm: Compare two sorted files line by line.tr: Translate or delete characters.iconv: Convert encoding of characters.shred: Overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it.chattr: Change file attributes on a Linux file system.lsattr: List file attributes on a Linux file system.chmod: Change file mode bits (permissions).chown: Change file owner and group.