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<h2 id="1-Spring概述"><a href="#1-Spring概述" class="headerlink" title="1. Spring概述"></a>1. Spring概述</h2><p>本章主要介绍Spring中的体系结构和常见概念，比如bean、控制反转（Inverse of Control，IoC）等。</p>
<h3 id="1-1-体系结构"><a href="#1-1-体系结构" class="headerlink" title="1.1 体系结构"></a>1.1 体系结构</h3><p>Spring 框架提供约 20 个模块，可以根据应用程序的要求来使用。</p>
<p><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223354_d7fce.jpg" alt="Screen Shot 2020-01-11 at 7.54.32 PM.png"></p>
<span id="more"></span>
<h4 id="核心容器"><a href="#核心容器" class="headerlink" title="核心容器"></a>核心容器</h4><p>核心容器由核心，Bean，上下文和表达式语言模块组成，它们的细节如下：</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>核心模块</strong>提供了框架的基本组成部分，包括 IoC 和依赖注入功能。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Bean模块</strong>提供 BeanFactory，它是一个工厂模式的复杂实现。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>上下文模块</strong>建立在由核心和 Bean 模块提供的坚实基础上，它是访问定义和配置的任何对象的媒介。ApplicationContext 接口是上下文模块的重点。</p>
</li>
<li><p><strong>表达式语言模块</strong>在运行时提供了查询和操作一个对象图的强大的表达式语言。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="数据访问-集成"><a href="#数据访问-集成" class="headerlink" title="数据访问/集成"></a>数据访问/集成</h4><p>数据访问/集成层包括 JDBC，ORM，OXM，JMS 和事务处理模块，它们的细节如下：</p>
<p>JDBC 模块提供了删除冗余的 JDBC 相关编码的 JDBC 抽象层。</p>
<p>ORM 模块为流行的对象关系映射 API，包括 JPA，JDO，Hibernate 和 iBatis，提供了集成层。</p>
<p>OXM 模块提供了抽象层，它支持对 JAXB，Castor，XMLBeans，JiBX 和 XStream 的对象/XML 映射实现。</p>
<p>Java 消息服务 JMS 模块包含生产和消费的信息的功能。</p>
<p>事务模块为实现特殊接口的类及所有的 POJO 支持编程式和声明式事务管理。</p>
<h4 id="Web"><a href="#Web" class="headerlink" title="Web"></a>Web</h4><p>Web 层由 Web，Web-MVC，Web-Socket 和 Web-Portlet 组成，它们的细节如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>Web 模块提供了基本的面向 web 的集成功能，例如多个文件上传的功能和使用 servlet 监听器和面向 web 应用程序的上下文来初始化 IoC 容器。</li>
<li>Web-MVC 模块包含 Spring 的模型-视图-控制器（MVC），实现了 web 应用程序。</li>
<li>Web-Socket 模块为 WebSocket-based 提供了支持，而且在 web 应用程序中提供了客户端和服务器端之间通信的两种方式。</li>
<li>Web-Portlet 模块提供了在 portlet 环境中实现 MVC，并且反映了 Web-Servlet 模块的功能。</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="其他"><a href="#其他" class="headerlink" title="其他"></a>其他</h4><p>还有其他一些重要的模块，像 AOP，Aspects，Instrumentation，Web 和测试模块，它们的细节如下：</p>
<ul>
<li>AOP 模块提供了面向方面的编程实现，允许你定义方法拦截器和切入点对代码进行干净地解耦，它实现了应该分离的功能。</li>
<li>Aspects 模块提供了与 AspectJ 的集成，这是一个功能强大且成熟的面向切面编程（AOP）框架。</li>
<li>Instrumentation 模块在一定的应用服务器中提供了类 instrumentation 的支持和类加载器的实现。</li>
<li>Messaging 模块为 STOMP 提供了支持作为在应用程序中 WebSocket 子协议的使用。它也支持一个注解编程模型，它是为了选路和处理来自 WebSocket 客户端的 STOMP 信息。</li>
<li>测试模块支持对具有 JUnit 或 TestNG 框架的 Spring 组件的测试。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-2-Bean"><a href="#1-2-Bean" class="headerlink" title="1.2 Bean"></a>1.2 Bean</h3><p>Spring对Bean的官方定义如下：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>在 Spring 中，<strong>构成应用程序主干</strong>并由<strong>Spring IoC容器</strong>管理的<strong>对象</strong>称为bean。<strong>bean是一个由Spring IoC容器实例化、组装和管理的对象。</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p>由上面的定义可以得到如下3点信息：</p>
<ul>
<li>bean是对象，一个或者多个不限定。</li>
<li>bean由Spring IoC容器管理。</li>
<li>应用程序由一个个bean构成。</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="1-3-控制反转（IoC）与依赖注入（DI）"><a href="#1-3-控制反转（IoC）与依赖注入（DI）" class="headerlink" title="1.3 控制反转（IoC）与依赖注入（DI）"></a>1.3 控制反转（IoC）与依赖注入（DI）</h3><p><strong>控制反转</strong>英文全称：Inversion of Control，简称就是IoC，这是管理Java实例协作关系的一种方式。这种方式还有另一个名称，<strong>依赖注入（Dependency Injection）</strong>，两者的含义相同。</p>
<p>传统方式下，当某个Java对象（调用者）需要调用另一个Java对象（被依赖对象）的方法时，通常有如下两种做法：</p>
<ul>
<li>原始做法: 调用者主动创建被依赖对象，然后再调用被依赖对象的方法。</li>
<li>简单工厂模式: 调用者先找到被依赖对象的工厂，然后主动通过工厂去获取被依赖对象，最后再调用被依赖对象的方法。</li>
</ul>
<p>注意上面的<strong>主动</strong>二字，这必然会导致调用者与被依赖对象实现类的硬编码耦合，非常不利于项目升级的维护。</p>
<p>使用Spring框架之后，调用者无需主动获取被依赖对象，调用者只要被动接受Spring容器为调用者的成员变量赋值即可，由此可见，使用Spring后，<strong>调用者获取被依赖对象的方式由原来的主动获取，变成了被动接受</strong>——所以Rod Johnson（Spring框架创始人）称之为<strong>控制反转</strong>。</p>
<p>另外从Spring容器的角度来看，<strong>Spring容器负责将被依赖对象赋值给调用者的成员变量——相当于为调用者注入它依赖的实例</strong>，因此Martine Fowler称之为<strong>依赖注入</strong>。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Spring IoC容器就是这样的辅助程序，它负责对象的生成和依赖的注入。类的实例化、依赖的实例化、依赖的传入都交由Spring IoC容器控制，而不是用new方式实例化对象、通过非构造函数方法传入依赖等常规方式。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="1-4-Bean的管理"><a href="#1-4-Bean的管理" class="headerlink" title="1.4 Bean的管理"></a>1.4 Bean的管理</h3><p>在Spring的应用中，Spring容器负责创建对象，装配对象，配置它们以及管理它们的整个生命周期，从生存到死亡。</p>
<p>容器是Spring框架的核心，Spring自带了多个容器的实现。可以归纳为两种不同的类型：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>BeanFactory</strong>（由org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory接口定义）是最简单的容器，提供基本的DI支持。</li>
<li><strong>应用上下文</strong>（由org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext接口定义）基于BeanFactory构建，并提供应用框架级别的服务，例如从属性文件解析文本信息，以及发布应用事件给感兴趣的事件监听者。</li>
</ul>
<p>通常情况下，会使用应用上下文来进行Bean的管理。Spring自带了多种类型的应用上下文，下面列举了几种常见的：</p>
<p><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223354_a1c1f.jpg" alt="Screen Shot 2020-01-11 at 10.23.44 PM.png"></p>
<p>上面的上下文可以分为两类，加载配置文件和配置类。</p>
<ul>
<li>加载文件</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223355_95fdf.jpg" alt="Screen Shot 2020-01-12 at 2.51.51 PM.png"></p>
<ul>
<li>加载配置类</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223355_8a5fd.jpg" alt="Screen Shot 2020-01-12 at 2.52.04 PM.png"></p>
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