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<p>本文记录了VPS下的基础配置过程，包括科学上网、安全等方面的内容</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="用户组管理"><a href="#用户组管理" class="headerlink" title="用户组管理"></a>用户组管理</h1><p>在root用户下，使用如下的指令，创建新用户，并添加用户到<code>sudoers</code></p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">useradd -m username (-m stand <span class="keyword">for</span> create home) -s /bin/bash (指定用户登入后所使用的shell,默认值为/bin/bash。最好手动指定)</span><br><span class="line">adduser <username> sudo (add user to the sudoers)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>以后使用<code>username</code>(你的用户名)登录就OK了，需要使用<code>root</code>权限时利用<code>sudo</code>就行了</p>
<p>更改当前用户密码：</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ passwd</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>更改某个用户的密码，此时需要登录到root用户，</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">$ passwd username</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>关于如何删除用户，可以参考：<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.tecmint.com/delete-remove-a-user-account-with-home-directory-in-linux/">Deleting/Removing a User Account with His/Her Home Directory</a></p>
</blockquote>
<span id="more"></span>
<h1 id="配置公钥和私钥"><a href="#配置公钥和私钥" class="headerlink" title="配置公钥和私钥"></a>配置公钥和私钥</h1><h2 id="Windows"><a href="#Windows" class="headerlink" title="Windows"></a>Windows</h2><ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/download.html">下载</a>并运行<code>PUTTYGEN.EXE</code><br><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223348_d0483.jpg" alt="运行"></li>
<li>选择默认的 RSA 加密即可,并点击Generate，此时需要鼠标在空白处随机移动<br><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223349_6d9c8.jpg" alt="Generate"></li>
<li>生成好后，分别保存公钥和私钥，这里可以选择使用密码，如果选择使用密码，则在验证key的时候需要输入密码，增强的安全性</li>
<li>注意公钥的保存格式如下,其中 ssh-rsa 为加密类型， showfom-rsa-key-20130701 为说明，可以是任意文本，如 showfom-notebook<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAABJQAAAQEAna/D52fTZ1YNjxnwAJAUhxRdPCwar8ZfWLdwHEmT64Zqtxrz65KRxesHFRVND8Xn1GKtuQIQMu/d5fFhEajFbjoSw/n+Mz58irzUXDbE34Y/nxy1/iWc6aJz6lX6wT7nnDcVoqX8Be8j/8sjS7cMFarn3Iy+0bSQNON3681+hEFM7mpoYyqrCVBpARfiiEZb8tNkfzrKJFrciZ87yaKkncPeDCIbYKjuJY2hciK+Y+IptLdoMj5kQkSXStJFQUfFg+s3FQJ9Istu4C7BF3ZafD4mEupA7P90RRUjLj95mUW/P/ebWGsMVbnxz/Xmq3OL/TOuo85umbSN44DmSB3NEQ== showfom-rsa-key-20130701</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>上传至服务器。编辑<code>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</code>文件，粘贴public key的内容。</li>
</ul>
<p>在mac或者Linux可以直接采用ssh-copy-id将public key传输到远端VPS。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh-copy-id username@remote_host (copy the public keys to the remote server)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<ul>
<li>使用ssh key登录</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><code>PUTTY</code>中在<code>Connection-ssh-Auth</code>中设置使用的私钥，如下图：<br><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223349_a482c.jpg" alt="putty设置"></li>
</ol>
<p><strong>winscp</strong>的设置和putty类似，两者可以使用相同的私钥<br>2. Linux, Mac可以直接使用ssh指令登录</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssh username@remote_host</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>也可以在本机<code>.ssh</code>目录下的config中配置VPS的别名，以后就可以直接使用<code>ssh + 别名</code>进行登录</p>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>确保能够通过ssh key登录后</strong>，关闭ssh密码登录<br>使用命令<code>vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config</code>,找到如下行进行设置</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">port 12345 <span class="comment">#修改默认端口</span></span><br><span class="line">PermitRootLogin no <span class="comment">#禁止root登录</span></span><br><span class="line">PermitEmptyPasswords no <span class="comment">#禁止空密码</span></span><br><span class="line">PasswordAuthentication no <span class="comment">#禁止密码登录</span></span><br><span class="line">AllowUsers username <span class="comment">##允许你自己的用户登录</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li><p><strong>重启SSH使配置生效</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">service ssh restart</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>此部分主要介绍了windows下配置ssh key的方法，如果不想配置，可以通过修改端口号到22333等五位数的端口和禁止root用户登录来增加安全性，不过为了最大程度上确保安全，还是使用ssh key的方式登录。<strong>注意保管好自己的ssh私钥</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="Linux-Mac"><a href="#Linux-Mac" class="headerlink" title="Linux/Mac"></a>Linux/Mac</h2><p>可以参考<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://support.rackspace.com/how-to/connecting-to-a-server-using-ssh-on-linux-or-mac-os/">Connect to a server by using SSH on Linux or Mac OS X
</a>进行配置。</p>
<h1 id="Shadowsocks科学上网"><a href="#Shadowsocks科学上网" class="headerlink" title="Shadowsocks科学上网"></a>Shadowsocks科学上网</h1><ul>
<li>Ubuntu下安装shadowsocks<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">apt-get install python-pip</span><br><span class="line">pip install shadowsocks</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></li>
<li>修改配置文件<code>vi /etc/shadowsocks.json</code>,配置文件范例如下：<br><img src="https://imgs.lfeng.tech/images/blog/20221211223349_8263d.jpg" alt="Shadowsocks"><br>图中只需要修改<code>server</code>以及<code>port_password</code>两项，上面是一个多端口的配置文件，可以为不同的端口分配不同的密码</li>
<li>后台运行shadowsocks，使用如下指令<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">ssserver -c /etc/shadowsocks.json -d start</span><br><span class="line">ssserver -c /etc/shadowsocks.json -d stop</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<p>如果启动报错，可以参考这里替换function name即可，<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.csdn.net/youshaoduo/article/details/80745196">Shadows启动报错undefined symbol EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cleanup</a>。</p>
</blockquote>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Shadowsocks利用KCPTun加速, 可以参考如下的博客：</p>
<ul>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://doub.io/ss-jc36/">Shadowsocks另一种双边加速软件 —— KCPTun（服务端教程）</a></li>
<li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://blog.kuoruan.com/102.html">小内存福音，Kcptun Shadowsocks加速方案）</a></li>
</ul>
<h1 id="scp上传下载文件"><a href="#scp上传下载文件" class="headerlink" title="scp上传下载文件"></a>scp上传下载文件</h1><p>如果在Mac/Linux下配置好ssh config之后，可以直接采用如下的指令来下载VPS上的文件到本地。其中<code>vps</code>为你的VPS的<code>Host</code>,这在<code>.ssh</code>目录下的<code>config</code>文件中可以进行配置。</p>
<figure class="highlight plaintext"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">scp vps:/path/foo /home/user/Desktop # copy to local</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>其他的scp操作可以参考manual。</p>
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