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EthnicValueSegregation.nlogo
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turtles-own [
happy?
similar-nearby
other-nearby
]
to setup
clear-all
ask patches [
set pcolor white
if random 100 < density [ ;; density of entire population in society
sprout 1 [
set color ifelse-value (random 100 < (fraction_majority) ) [105] [27] ;; population devided in ethnicity 1 (red) and 2 (green)
if Version = "Extension" [set shape ifelse-value (random 100 < 50) ["circle"] ["square"]] ;; our extension: value-oriented agents (circle) / ethnicity-oriented agents (square)
if Version = "Original_Schelling" [set shape "square"] ;; original Schelling's model: only ethnicity-oriented (square)
]
]
]
update-turtles
reset-ticks
end
to GO
if all? turtles [ happy? ] and move_anyway = 0 [ stop]
ask turtles with [ not happy? ] [ find-new-spot ] ;; move unhappy turtles
ask turtles [if random 100 < move_anyway [find-new-spot]] ;; robustness check: move all turtles anyway by chance
update-turtles
tick
end
to find-new-spot
rt random-float 360
fd random-float 10
if any? other turtles-here [ find-new-spot ] ;; turtles relocate to empty patches
move-to patch-here
end
to update-turtles
ask turtles [
ifelse first shape = "s" [ ;; homophily behavior of ethnicity-oriented agents, based on ethnicity = tag color
set similar-nearby count (turtles-on neighbors) with [ color = [ color ] of myself ]
set other-nearby count (turtles-on neighbors) with [ color != [ color ] of myself ]
set happy? similar-nearby >= (ethnic_homophily * (similar-nearby + other-nearby) / 100)
set shape ifelse-value happy? ["square"] ["square 2"]
][ ;; homophily behavior of value-oriented agents, based on value = tag shape
set similar-nearby count (turtles-on neighbors) with [ first shape = [ first shape ] of myself ]
set other-nearby count (turtles-on neighbors) with [ first shape != [ first shape ] of myself ]
set happy? similar-nearby >= (value_homophily * (similar-nearby + other-nearby) / 100)
set shape ifelse-value happy? ["circle"] ["circle 2"]
]
]
end
@#$#@#$#@
GRAPHICS-WINDOW
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-1
-1
10.7
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1
1
0
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1
-25
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-25
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1
1
ticks
30.0
SLIDER
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309
282
ethnic_homophily
ethnic_homophily
0
100
30.0
1
1
%
HORIZONTAL
BUTTON
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188
setup
setup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
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GO
GO
T
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
0
BUTTON
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188
go once
go
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
0
SLIDER
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59
311
92
density
density
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99
70.0
1
1
%
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
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value_homophily
value_homophily
0
100
30.0
1
1
%
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
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129
fraction_majority
fraction_majority
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50.0
1
1
%
HORIZONTAL
SLIDER
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move_anyway
move_anyway
0
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0.0
0.1
1
%
HORIZONTAL
MONITOR
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1475
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Ethnic Segregation
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
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1476
105
Value segregation
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
214
1475
259
Ethnic Segregation (squares)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"s\"]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
264
1475
309
Value Segregation (squares)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"s\"]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
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1474
463
Ethnic Segregation (circles)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"c\"]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
467
1474
512
Value Segregation (circles)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"c\"]
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
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1476
154
Neighborhood Density
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles / 8
3
1
11
MONITOR
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1475
359
Neighborhood Density (squares)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles with [first shape = \"s\"] / 8
3
1
11
MONITOR
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1474
562
Neighborhood Density (circles)
mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles with [first shape = \"c\"] / 8
3
1
11
PLOT
895
11
1288
201
All agents
time
fraction
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Ethnic Seg." 1.0 0 -5825686 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1]"
"Value Seg." 1.0 0 -13840069 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1]"
"Neighborhood D." 1.0 0 -9276814 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles / 8"
"Unhappy" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot (count turtles with [happy? = false] / count turtles)"
PLOT
895
215
1287
406
Ethnicity-oriented agents (squares)
time
fraction
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Ethnic Seg." 1.0 0 -5825686 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"s\"]"
"Value Seg." 1.0 0 -13840069 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"s\"]"
"Neighborhood D." 1.0 0 -9276814 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles with [first shape = \"s\"] / 8"
"Unhappy" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot (count turtles with [happy? = false and first shape = \"s\"] / count turtles with [first shape = \"s\"])"
PLOT
895
418
1288
612
Value-oriented agents (circles)
time
fraction
0.0
10.0
0.0
1.0
true
true
"" ""
PENS
"Ethnic Seg." 1.0 0 -5825686 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [color = [color] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"c\"]"
"Value Seg." 1.0 0 -13840069 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors) with [first shape = [first shape] of myself] / count (turtles-on neighbors) ] of turtles with [ count (turtles-on neighbors) >= 1 and first shape = \"c\"]"
"Neighborhood D." 1.0 0 -9276814 true "" "plot mean [count (turtles-on neighbors)] of turtles with [shape = \"circle\"] / 8"
"Unhappy" 1.0 0 -16777216 true "" "plot (count turtles with [happy? = false and first shape = \"c\"] / count turtles with [first shape = \"c\"])"
BUTTON
137
505
200
538
C1
set ethnic_homophily 30\nset value_homophily 30\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
205
505
266
538
C2
set ethnic_homophily 60\nset value_homophily 30\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
137
542
200
575
C3
set ethnic_homophily 30\nset value_homophily 60\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
205
542
266
575
C4
set ethnic_homophily 60\nset value_homophily 60\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
TEXTBOX
133
464
260
482
Ethnic homophily
13
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
99
515
131
533
30%
12
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
220
487
268
505
60%
12
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
157
486
195
504
30%
12
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
100
551
129
569
60%
12
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
17
509
89
539
Value homophily
12
0.0
1
BUTTON
32
409
115
442
Equal sizes
set density 70\nset fraction_majority 50\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
BUTTON
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442
Majority 80%
set density 70\nset fraction_majority 80\nsetup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
1
MONITOR
1297
156
1476
201
Unhappy
(count turtles with [happy? = false] / count turtles)
3
1
11
MONITOR
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362
1474
407
Unhappy (square)
(count turtles with [happy? = false and first shape = \"s\"] / count turtles with [first shape = \"s\"])
3
1
11
MONITOR
1297
567
1475
612
Unhappy (circle)
(count turtles with [happy? = false and first shape = \"c\"] / count turtles with [ first shape = \"c\"])
3
1
11
TEXTBOX
28
16
234
34
Initial conditions
17
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
26
217
310
237
Global parameters for simulation runs
17
0.0
1
CHOOSER
25
47
140
92
Version
Version
"Extension" "Original_Schelling"
0
TEXTBOX
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418
312
436
density: 70%
12
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
34
372
260
396
Example Configurations
17
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
80
473
303
491
------------------------------------
16
0.0
1
TEXTBOX
89
465
104
577
¦\n¦\n¦\n¦\n¦\n¦\n¦\n¦
11
0.0
1
MONITOR
573
572
709
617
# Ethnicity 1 (blue)
count turtles with [color = 105]
17
1
11
MONITOR
706
572
853
617
# Ethnicity 2 (orange)
count turtles with [color = 27]
17
1
11
MONITOR
373
621
570
666
# ethnicity-oriented (squares)
count turtles with [first shape = \"s\"]
17
1
11
MONITOR
373
670
569
715
# value-oriented (circles)
count turtles with [first shape = \"c\"]
17
1
11
MONITOR
573
621
705
666
# (blue squares)
count turtles with [color = 105 and first shape = \"s\"]
17
1
11
MONITOR
708
621
853
666
# (orange squares)
count turtles with [color = 27 and first shape = \"s\"]
17
1
11
MONITOR
573
670
706
715
# (blue circles)
count turtles with [color = 105 and first shape = \"c\"]
17
1
11
MONITOR
710
670
853
715
# (orange circles)
count turtles with [color = 27 and first shape = \"c\"]
17
1
11
TEXTBOX
381
580
565
620
Numbers of agents
17
0.0
1
@#$#@#$#@
## WHAT IS IT?
This model of **residential segregation** accompanies the paper _"How different homophily preferences mitigate and spur ethnic and value segregation"_
This is an extension of Thomas Schelling's model of segregation. In the original model, agents follow a homophily behavior defining similarity based on the exclusive category of ethnicity. In multicultural contexts other criteria might be relevant to define similarity, namely tolerance towards diversity. In our extension, we add value-oriented agents to ethnicity-oriented agents and observe consequences on ethnic segregation, value segregation and population density in neighborhood.
## HOW IT WORKS
The population is equally split in ethnicity-oriented agents and value-oriented agents. Both types of agents relocate in a neighborhood as long as its composition reflects the desired fraction of similar agents, but they define similarity based on different criteria. Ethnicity-oriented agents define similarity based on shared ethnicity, value-oriented agents on shared values, here assumed as value of ethnic tolerance. The simulation stops when all agents are happy with their relocation.
### Static state variables of agents:
* **Ethnicity** (color tag): Ethnicity 1 (blue) / Ethnicity 2 (orange)
* **Value orientation** (shape tag): ethnicity-oriented (square) / value-oriented (circle)
### Behavior of agents:
All agents aim at living in a neighborhood that matches the desired fraction of similar ones and relocate otherwise. The goal of agents is the same, but the definition of similarity differs according to their value-orientation:
* Ethnicity-oriented agents (squares) consider as similar those agents sharing the same ethnicity (color), regardless of their value-orientation.
* Value-oriented agents (circles) consider as similar only agents sharing their value-orientation (shape), regardless of their ethnicity.
## HOW TO USE IT
Setup Version, Initial Conditions and Global Parameters. Then press *setup* and *GO*
Global Parameters can be updated during the simulation.
### Version:
* Extension: split of the population in value-oriented agents and ethnicity-oriented agents
* Original_Schelling: original Schelling, only ethnicity-oriented agents. Relative group size = equal sizes
### Initial conditions:
* *density* → density society: probability of an agent to appear on a cell
* *fraction_majority* → relative group size: ratio Ethnicity 1 (blue) / Ethnicity 2 (orange)
### Global parameters:
* *ethnic_homophily* → ethnic homophily threshold:
for each ethnicity-oriented agent, desired fraction of agents with same ethnicity in Moore neighborhood
* *value_homophily* → value homophily threshold:
for each value-oriented agent, desired fraction of agents with same value orientation in Moore neighborhood
* *move_anyway* → robustness check: agents move randomly
### Example Configuration:
* Select buttons for initial conditions and homophily thresholds.
Do not forget to press *setup* and *GO*
## THINGS TO NICE
In the plots for *All agents* and specifically for *ethnicity-oriented agents (square)* and *value-oriented agents (circles)*:
* Ethnic segregation: mean fraction of agents in the neighborhood with the same ethnicity (color tag)
* Value segregation: mean fraction of agents in the neighborhood with the same value (shape tag)
* Neighborhood density: mean number of agents in the neighborhood
* Unhappy: fraction of unhappy agents relocating / number agents of the category
In *Tools → BehaviorSpace*, the experiments that generate our datasets are available.
## REFERENCES
**On Schelling's model**:
Schelling, T. C. (1969). Models of segregation. The American Economic Review, 59(2), 488-493.
**NetLogo version of Schelling's model**:
Wilensky, U. (1997). NetLogo Segregation model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Segregation. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 713639”
Rocco Paolillo benefitted from the grant above.
Jan Lorenz work benefitted from a grant from the German Research Foundation DFG "Opinion Dynamics and Collective Decisions" LO2024
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