references.bib

@article{andersonBallisticTongueProjection2010,
  title = {Ballistic Tongue Projection in Chameleons Maintains High Performance at Low Temperature},
  author = {Anderson, Christopher V. and Deban, Stephen M.},
  year = {2010},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {107},
  number = {12},
  pages = {5495--5499},
  publisher = {{Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.0910778107},
  urldate = {2024-04-07},
  abstract = {Environmental temperature impacts the physical activity and ecology of ectothermic animals through its effects on muscle contractile physiology. Sprinting, swimming, and jumping performance of ectotherms decreases by at least 33\% over a 10 \textdegree C drop, accompanied by a similar decline in muscle power. We propose that ballistic movements that are powered by recoil of elastic tissues are less thermally dependent than movements that rely on direct muscular power. We found that an elastically powered movement, ballistic tongue projection in chameleons, maintains high performance over a 20 \textdegree C range. Peak velocity and power decline by only 10\%\textendash 19\% with a 10 \textdegree C drop, compared to {$>$}42\% for nonelastic, muscle-powered tongue retraction. These results indicate that the elastic recoil mechanism circumvents the constraints that low temperature imposes on muscle rate properties and thereby reduces the thermal dependence of tongue projection. We propose that organisms that use elastic recoil mechanisms for ecologically important movements such as feeding and locomotion may benefit from an expanded thermal niche.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/JG9SKAPH/Anderson and Deban - 2010 - Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintain.pdf}
}

@article{andersonShotScalingBallistic2016,
  title = {Off like a Shot: Scaling of Ballistic Tongue Projection Reveals Extremely High Performance in Small Chameleons},
  shorttitle = {Off like a Shot},
  author = {Anderson, Christopher V.},
  year = {2016},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {18625},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  doi = {10.1038/srep18625},
  urldate = {2024-04-03},
  abstract = {Stretching elastic tissues and using their recoil to power movement allows organisms to release energy more rapidly than by muscle contraction directly, thus amplifying power output. Chameleons employ such a mechanism to ballistically project their tongue up to two body lengths, achieving power outputs nearly three times greater than those possible via muscle contraction. Additionally, small organisms tend to be capable of greater performance than larger species performing similar movements. To test the hypothesis that small chameleon species outperform larger species during ballistic tongue projection, performance was examined during feeding among 20 chameleon species in nine genera. This revealed that small species project their tongues proportionately further than large species, achieving projection distances of 2.5 body lengths. Furthermore, feedings with peak accelerations of 2,590\,m s-2, or 264\,g and peak power output values of 14,040\,W kg-1 are reported. These values represent the highest accelerations and power outputs reported for any amniote movement, highlighting the previously underestimated performance capability of the family. These findings show that examining movements in smaller animals may expose movements harbouring cryptic power amplification mechanisms and illustrate how varying metabolic demands may help drive morphological evolution.},
  copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Animal physiology,Ecology,Evolution,Herpetology,Physiology},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/3MQZBX3V/Anderson - 2016 - Off like a shot scaling of ballistic tongue proje.pdf}
}

@article{debrayManipulatorsInspiredTongue2011,
  title = {Manipulators Inspired by the Tongue of the Chameleon},
  author = {Debray, Alexis},
  year = {2011},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Bioinspiration \& Biomimetics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {026002},
  issn = {1748-3190},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-3182/6/2/026002},
  urldate = {2024-04-04},
  abstract = {Chameleons have developed a specialized ballistic tongue which elongates more than six times its rest length at speeds higher than 3.5 m s-1 and accelerations 350 m s-2, with a highly flexible mobile part, and which applies no continuous force during forward motion. These characteristics are possible because this tongue consists of two highly specialized systems, an ejection system for the forward motion and an accordion-like system for the retraction. Four manipulators inspired by the tongue of the chameleon and based on this design have been developed, resulting in three characteristics similar to the tongue of the chameleon: extensibility of the manipulator, flexibility of the mobile part, and absence of continuous force during the forward motion. The first manipulator mimics the basic mechanism of the tongue of the chameleon and reproduced its basic performances. A second manipulator performs a catching function at a speed of 3.5 m s-1 with an acceleration of 573 m s-2 while elongating seven times its rest length. The design of this manipulator is such that the dc motor used for retraction applies a torque 25 times its rated torque. Moreover, during the retraction, the mobile part of the manipulator moves due to its own inertia, allowing the dc motor to rotate at full velocity. In another manipulator, the addition of an elastomer in the mobile part allows for control of the retraction velocity. A model for these two manipulators compares well with the experimental data. Finally, the addition of wings on the mobile part allows us to take the advantage of aerodynamic effects, which is unusual for manipulators.},
  langid = {english}
}

@misc{duszynskidonaldw.etal.CoccidiaWorld,
  type = {{{NSF-PEET DEB}} 9521687},
  title = {Coccidia of the {{World}}},
  author = {{Duszynski, Donald W. et al.}},
  urldate = {2023-08-05},
  abstract = {Department of Biology, University of New Mexico Division of Biology, Kansas State University},
  copyright = {NSF-PEET DEB 9521687},
  howpublished = {https://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/worldcoccidia/},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/9GUE7V82/worldcoccidia.html}
}

@article{ellerdEndoparasitesPetReptiles2022,
  title = {Endoparasites of Pet Reptiles and Amphibians from Exotic Pet Shows in {{Texas}}, {{United States}}},
  author = {Ellerd, Rachel and Saleh, Meriam N. and Luksovsky, Joe L. and Verocai, Guilherme G.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports},
  volume = {27},
  pages = {100671},
  issn = {2405-9390},
  doi = {10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100671},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Reptiles and amphibians are becoming increasingly more common in the exotic pet trade and as such veterinary care is also rising. Parasitic infections can pose a serious threat to pet reptiles and amphibians and are a common finding in these exotic pets. The purpose of the present study was to determine the species composition of parasites among reptiles and amphibians entering the pet industry. Excreta were collected from 283 reptiles and amphibians (181 geckos, 23 chameleons, 21 frogs, 16 tortoises, 11 snakes, 1 caiman, and 31 other lizard species), representing 58 different species. Samples were collected from animals being sold at exotic pet shows in Texas, USA, where breeders from throughout the United States gathered to showcase their exotic pets. Excreta samples were tested using double centrifugation flotation with Sheather's sucrose solution. Endoparasites were identified in 51.9\% of samples. The most prevalent helminth parasite among reptiles and amphibians were Pharyngodonidae (44.5\%) nematodes. Oocysts of coccidians such as Isospora, Eimeria, and Choleoeimeria, and cysts of the ciliate Nyctotherus were also identified. The prevalence rates of endoparasites among animal groups ranged from 0 to 87.5\%. The highest prevalence of infection was found in Testudines (87.5\%), followed by Chamaeleonidae (87\%), other lizards (76.7\%), Amphibia (71.4\%), Serpentes (63.6\%), and then Gekkonidae (55.2\%). No endoparasites were detected in the one Crocodylia sampled. Our results show that parasitic infections, many of which can cause clinical disease and mortality, are common in exotic reptiles and amphibians being sold or traded as pets in the United States, underlining the need for veterinary care and routine diagnostic screening for parasitic infections.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Amphibians,Diagnostic parasitology,Exotic pets,Nematodes,Protozoans,Reptiles},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/NJ44SJV9/S240593902100143X.html}
}

@misc{kalischOdditiesChameleonTongue2003,
  title = {The {{Oddities}} of the {{Chameleon}} - {{The Tongue}}.},
  author = {Kalisch, Ken},
  year = {2003},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Chameleons! Online E-Zine},
  urldate = {2024-04-07},
  howpublished = {http://www.chameleonnews.com/03JulKalischTongue.html},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/2VBC4GLB/03JulKalischTongue.html}
}

@article{lainsonNewSpeciesEimeria2008,
  title = {New Species of {{{\emph{Eimeria}}}} and {{{\emph{Isospora}}}} ({{Protozoa}}: {{Eimeriidae}}) in {{{\emph{Geochelone}}}} Spp. ({{Chelonia}}: {{Testudinidae}}) from {{Amazonian Brazil}}},
  shorttitle = {New Species of {{{\emph{Eimeria}}}} and {{{\emph{Isospora}}}} ({{Protozoa}}},
  author = {Lainson, R. and Da Silva, F.M.M. and Franco, C.M. and De Souza, M.C.},
  year = {2008},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Parasite},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {531--538},
  issn = {1252-607X, 1776-1042},
  doi = {10.1051/parasite/2008154531},
  urldate = {2023-08-05},
  abstract = {Tetrasporocystic, dizoic oocysts of reptiles have been separated by some authors into the genera Eimeria, Choleoeimeria and Acroeimeria (Protozoa: Eimeriidae), based on the site and mode of development of their endogenous stages. The majority of Eimeria species have been, and still are, however, described on oocyst morphology alone. Four different oocysts with this basic morphology were encountered in the faeces of Brazilian tortoises, Geochelone carbonaria Spix, 1824 and are assigned to the genus Eimeria, with the view that they can readily be transferred to the genus Choleoeimeria or Acroeimeria if this is indicated by a future examination of their endogenous development. A morphological comparison distinguishes the oocysts from those of Eimeria spp., previously described in chelonids of the family Testudinidae, and the names E. amazonensis, E. carbonaria, E. carajasensis and E. wellcomei n. spp. are proposed. Coccidial infection appears to be common in G. carbonaria, with three of seven animals examined passing oocysts. Oocysts of Isospora rodriguesae n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) are described in the faeces of Geochelone denticulata Linnaeus, 1766. They are morphologically very different from those of Isospora testudae, Davronov, 1985 in Testudo horsfieldi. Eimeria motelo H\r{u}rkov\'a et al., 2000, previously described in Geochelone denticulata from Peru, is here recorded in the some chelonid from Amazonian Brazil.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/EN6N9GPG/Lainson et al. - 2008 - New species of Eimeria and Isospora .pdf}
}

@article{machinCommonGastrointestinalParasites2015,
  title = {Common Gastrointestinal Parasites in Reptiles},
  author = {Machin, Ross},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {In Practice},
  volume = {37},
  doi = {10.1136/inp.h4914},
  abstract = {Reptiles are becoming more frequent visitors to veterinary practices across the UK and it is therefore important that general practitioners are able to identify common diseases in these animals. This article describes tests that can be performed on a day-to-day basis to identify a parasitic infection and gives a brief overview of the frequently encountered gastrointestinal parasites found in reptiles that are kept as pets or in collections and may be seen in practice in the UK.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/Z8HLNMLE/Machin - 2015 - Common gastrointestinal parasites in reptiles.pdf}
}

@article{mcallisterCoccidianParasitesApicomplexa2017,
  title = {Coccidian {{Parasites}} ({{Apicomplexa}}: {{Eimeriidae}}) of {{Arkansas Herpetofauna}}: {{A Summary}} with {{Two New State Records}}},
  shorttitle = {Coccidian {{Parasites}} ({{Apicomplexa}}},
  author = {McAllister, Chris and {Motriuk-Smith}, Dagmara and Seville, Robert and Connior, M and Trauth, Stanley and Robison, Henry},
  year = {2017},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {143--152},
  doi = {10.54119/jaas.2017.7103},
  abstract = {Coccidian parasites (Protista: Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) commonly infect reptiles, and to a lesser degree, amphibians. The family Eimeriidae includes at least 18 genera and 3 of them, Caryospora, Eimeria, and Isospora have been reported previously from various Arkansas herpetofauna. Over the past 3 decades, our community collaborative effort has provided a great deal of information on these parasites found in amphibians and reptiles of Arkansas. Here, we provide a summary of all coccidians reported from herptiles of the state as well as provide 2 new state records for coccidians from non-native Mediterranean geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/EEVFPF8X/McAllister et al. - 2017 - Coccidian Parasites (Apicomplexa Eimeriidae) of A.pdf}
}

@article{modryFiveNewSpecies2001,
  title = {Five New Species of Coccidia ({{Apicomplexa}}: {{Eimeriidae}}) from {{Madagascan}} Chameleons ({{Sauria}}: {{Chamaeleonidae}})},
  shorttitle = {Five New Species of Coccidia ({{Apicomplexa}}},
  author = {Modry, David and Daszak, Peter and Volf, Jiri and Vesely, Milan and Ball, Stanley and Koudela, Bretislav},
  year = {2001},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Systematic parasitology},
  volume = {48},
  pages = {117--23},
  doi = {10.1023/A:1006476325181},
  abstract = {Coprological examination of 19 Madagascan chameleons of the genera Furcifer and Brookesia revealed the presence of five new coccidian species. Isospora brygooi n. sp. from Furcifer pardalis has spherical to subspherical o\"ocysts with a slightly pitted wall, 20.7 (17-24.5) x 19.3 (16-23) microm and broadly ellipsoidal sporocysts, 12.2 (11.5-13) x 8.1 (8-8.5) microm, with Stieda and substieda bodies. O\"ocysts of Eimeria glawi n. sp. from Furcifer pardalis are cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 27.7 (26-29.5) x 18.4 (17-19) microm, with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 7.3 (6.5-8) x 5.2 (5-5.5) microm. E. vencesi n. sp. described from F. pardalis has spherical to subspherical o\"ocysts, 14.3 (13-15.5) x 13.0 (12-13) microm, with small granules, one to three globular polar granules and ellipsoidal sporocysts, 7.3 (6.5-8) x 5.2 (5-5.5) microm. E. worthi n. sp., described from Furcifer oustaleti has spherical o\"ocysts, 17.9 (17.5-19.0) x 15.0 (14.5-16.0) microm without a polar granule and ellipsoidal to cylindroidal sporocysts, 8.2 (7.0-9.5) x 5.8 (5.0-6.5) microm. O\"ocysts of E. brookesiae n. sp. from Brookesia decaryi are cylindrical, 25.6 (23-27) x 15.0 (13-16) microm with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 10.1 (9-11) x 6.9 (6-7) microm. Endogenous development of E. vencesi is confined to the intestine, while that of E. glawi occurs in the gall-bladder.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/YRDVBZ9V/Modry et al. - 2001 - Five new species of coccidia (Apicomplexa Eimerii.pdf}
}

@article{moultonElasticSecretsChameleon2016,
  title = {The Elastic Secrets of the Chameleon Tongue},
  author = {Moulton, Derek E. and Lessinnes, Thomas and O'Keeffe, Stephen and Dorfmann, Luis and Goriely, Alain},
  year = {2016},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  volume = {472},
  number = {2188},
  pages = {20160030},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  doi = {10.1098/rspa.2016.0030},
  urldate = {2024-04-03},
  abstract = {The ballistic projection of the chameleon tongue is an extreme example of quick energy release in the animal kingdom. It relies on a complicated physiological structure and an elaborate balance between tissue elasticity, collagen fibre anisotropy, active muscular contraction, stress release and geometry. A general biophysical model for the dynamics of the chameleon tongue based on large deformation elasticity is proposed. The model involves three distinct coupled subsystems: the energetics of the intralingual sheaths, the mechanics of the activating accelerator muscle and the dynamics of tongue extension. Together, these three systems elucidate the key physical principles of prey-catching among chameleonides.},
  keywords = {active forces,ballistic motion,energy conversion,nonlinear elasticity},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/ZFNXWJVC/Moulton et al. - 2016 - The elastic secrets of the chameleon tongue.pdf}
}

@misc{negroParasitesMadcham,
  title = {Parasites \textendash{} {{Madcham}}.De},
  author = {Negro, Thorsten and Laube, Alex},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  howpublished = {https://www.madcham.de/en/parasiten/},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/5DQBSRUL/parasiten.html}
}

@article{okulewiczEndoparasitesLizardsLacertilia2015,
  title = {Endoparasites of Lizards ({{Lacertilia}}) from Captive Breeding and Trade Networks},
  author = {Okulewicz, A. and Ka{\'z}mierczak, Miko{\l}aj and Hildebrand, Joanna and Adamczyk, Maja},
  year = {2015},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Helminthologia},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {34--40},
  doi = {10.1515/helmin-2015-0008},
  abstract = {Parasitic infections are widespread among exotic lizards and cause serious problems in both private captive breeding and trade networks. Among 168 lizards obtained from captive breeding (Zoological Garden in Wroclaw and private owners) and trade (pet shops and wholesale) the total prevalence of endoparasites was 42.35 \%. We detected species of Protozoa, Cestoda, Trematoda - Digenea and Nematoda as well as pseudoparasites. The prevalence of endoparasites was higher in the reptiles obtained from captive breeding (59.5 \%) than in those from trade network, however the parasite species spectrum was wider in the animals form pet shops and wholesales.}
}

@misc{OverviewCoccidiosisAnimals,
  title = {Overview of {{Coccidiosis}} in {{Animals}} - {{Digestive System}}},
  journal = {Merck Veterinary Manual},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Learn about the veterinary topic of Overview of Coccidiosis in Animals. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the Merck Vet Manual.},
  howpublished = {https://www.merckvetmanual.com/digestive-system/coccidiosis/overview-of-coccidiosis-in-animals},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/3RUXGT9K/overview-of-coccidiosis-in-animals.html}
}

@article{papernaDescriptionTaxonomicDiscussion1989,
  title = {Description and Taxonomic Discussion of Eimerian Coccidia from {{African}} and {{Levantine}} Geckoes},
  author = {Paperna, I. and Landsberg, J.H.},
  year = {1989},
  month = jan,
  journal = {South African Journal of Zoology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {4},
  pages = {345--355},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0254-1858},
  doi = {10.1080/02541858.1989.11448176},
  urldate = {2023-08-05},
  abstract = {new genera are proposed to accomodate new and previously described species of eimerian coccidia from reptiles which undergo endogenous development either in the bile epithelium \textemdash{} Cholo\oe imoria n. gen., or in the microvillous zone of the intestinal epithelium \textemdash{} Acroeimeria n. gen. Endogenous development is described from 3 species, all from geckoes: C. turcicus (syn. Eimeria turcicus Upton, McAllister and Freed, 1988) from Hemidactylus turcicus in Israel; C. pachydactyli n. sp. from Pachydactylus capensis in South Africa and A. lineri (syn. Eimeria linen McAllister, Upton and Freed, 1988) from H. turcicus, Israel and H. mabouia, South Africa. Biliary epithelial cells infected by Chole\oe imeria become hypertrophic and are displaced to the surface of the epithelial layer. Oocysts are cyllndroid to oval, lack a stieda body and sporulate in the gall bladder. The developing endogenous stages of Acroeimeria, enclosed in the microvillous border of the host cell, expand into the intestinal lumen. Oocysts are oval-spherical, lack a stieda body and sporulation is exogenous.},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/PEU5I5YU/Paperna and Landsberg - 1989 - Description and taxonomic discussion of eimerian c.pdf}
}

@article{paulpionVeterinaryPartner2017,
  title = {Veterinary {{Partner}}},
  author = {Paul Pion, D. V. M. and Spadafori, Gina},
  year = {2017},
  month = aug,
  journal = {VIN.com},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/9UUDH5T9/default.html}
}

@misc{shunyuanxiaomarcsroursophieallardBiomechanicalReviewAnimal2023,
  title = {A {{Biomechanical Review}} of {{Animal Tongue Functions}}},
  author = {Shunyuan Xiao, Marc Srour, Sophie Allard},
  year = {2023},
  month = may,
  journal = {Bioengineering Hyperbook},
  urldate = {2024-04-03},
  abstract = {The animal kingdom is characterized by an astonishing diversity in tongue morphologies, functions and mechanical abilities. Through evolution, different animal tongues have adapted to perform complex mechanical functions in prey-catching and feeding in order to ensure the survival of their species. Chameleons possess the ability to ballistically project their tongues toward fast-moving prey with great\ldots},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/7WFAXHQ7/a-biomechanical-review-of-animal-tongue-functions.html}
}

@article{slobodaNewSpeciesCholeoeimeria2006,
  title = {New Species of {{Choleoeimeria}} ({{Apicomplexa}}: {{Eimeriidae}}) from the Veiled Chameleon, {{Chamaeleo}} Calyptratus ({{Sauria}}: {{Chamaeleonidae}}), with Taxonomic Revision of Eimerian Coccidia from Chameleons},
  shorttitle = {New Species of {{Choleoeimeria}} ({{Apicomplexa}}},
  author = {Sloboda, Michal and Modr{\'y}, David},
  year = {2006},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Folia Parasitologica},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {91--97},
  issn = {00155683, 18036465},
  doi = {10.14411/fp.2006.012},
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  abstract = {Coprological examination of 71 samples from a breeding colony of veiled chameleons, Chamaeleo calyptratus Dum\'eril et Dum\'eril, 1851, revealed a presence of two species of coccidia. In 100\% of the samples examined, oocysts of Isospora jaracimrmani Modr\'y et Koudela, 1995 were detected. A new coccidian species, Choleoeimeria hirbayah sp. n., was discovered in 32.4\% of samples from the colony. Its oocysts are tetrasporocystic, cylindrical, 28.3 (25\textendash 30) \texttimes{} 14.8 (13.5\textendash 17.5) \textmu m, with smooth, bilayered, \textasciitilde 1 \textmu m thick wall. Sporocysts are dizoic, ovoidal to ellipsoidal, 10.1 (9\textendash 11) \texttimes{} 6.9 (6\textendash 7.5) \textmu m, sporocyst wall is composed of two plates joined by a meridional suture. Endogenous development is confined to the epithelium of the gall bladder, with infected cells being typically displaced from the epithelium layer towards lumen. A taxonomic revision of tetrasporocystic coccidia in the Chamaeleonidae is provided.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/4DPZMHSL/Sloboda and Modrý - 2006 - New species of Choleoeimeria (Apicomplexa Eimerii.pdf}
}

@article{stetsParasitesPantherChameleons2019,
  title = {Parasites of Panther Chameleons ({{Furcifer}} Pardalis) Grown in Captivity and Brought from the Wild},
  author = {Stets, O.},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal for Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnology and Biosafety},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {15--17},
  doi = {10.36016/JVMBBS-2019-5-4-4},
  abstract = {Reptile parasites imported from the wild differ from those grown in captivity. Thus, captive-grown reptiles tolerate the process of disadaptation better than imported wild animals, even under proper conditions of keeping and feeding. It should be noted that determining the origin of reptiles is sometimes difficult or impossible. For this, special methods are needed. In this regard, the purpose of research was to confirm or refute the theory, in reptiles from different places of residence, various parasites are found. We studied panther chameleons (Furcifer pardalis) imported from the wild and raised in captivity. To determine the parasites in the laboratory, methods of native smear, sequential washing and flotation were used. 10 species of intestinal parasites were found in panther chameleons imported from the wild, in particular Trematoda gen. sp. 1, Tremaitoda gen. sp. 2, Cestoda gen. sp., Spinicauda freitasi (Olfers, 1919), Hexametra angusticaecoides (Chabaud et Brygoo, 1960), Pharyngodonidae gen. sp., spirurates of the genus Thubunaea sp., larvae of the family Rhabdiasidae gen. sp., flagellates from the series Kinetoplastida gen. sp. and Eimeria sp, with prevalence 87.56\%. In panther chameleons grown in captivity only Pharyngodonidae gen. sp. was found, prevalence was 94.05\%. It is noted that under appropriate conditions of keeping and feeding in captive panther chameleons, a small number of parasites with a direct development cycle and their insignificant toxic effect on the body can develop}
}

@misc{strandbillChameleonMedicalParasites2019,
  title = {Chameleon {{Medical}}: {{Parasites}} - {{Chameleon Academy}}},
  shorttitle = {Chameleon {{Medical}}},
  author = {{Strand, Bill}},
  year = {2019},
  month = dec,
  urldate = {2023-08-04},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/FXBWVNR8/chameleon-medical-parasites.html}
}

@article{wainwrightMechanismTongueProjection1992,
  title = {The {{Mechanism Of Tongue Projection In Chameleons}}: {{I}}. {{Electromyographic Tests Of Functional Hypotheses}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Mechanism Of Tongue Projection In Chameleons}}},
  author = {Wainwright, Peter C. and Bennett, Albert F.},
  year = {1992},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Experimental Biology},
  volume = {168},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--21},
  issn = {0022-0949, 1477-9145},
  doi = {10.1242/jeb.168.1.1},
  urldate = {2024-04-03},
  abstract = {In this paper we document the activity of key muscles of the tongue, hyobranchial apparatus and head during prey capture in the lizard Chamaeleo jacksonii Boulenger and use these data to test current hypotheses of chameleon tongue function. Electromyographic recordings were made during 27 feedings from nine individuals and synchronized with high-speed video recordings (200fieldss\textasciitilde '), permitting an assessment of the activity of muscles relative to the onset of tongue projection, contact between tongue and prey, and tongue retraction. Four major results were obtained. (1) The hyoglossi muscles exhibit a single burst of activity that begins between JOms before and 20 ms after the onset of tongue projection and continues throughout the period of tongue retraction. (2) The accelerator muscle exhibits a biphasic activity pattern, with the first burst lasting about 185 ms and ending an average of 10.6 ms prior to the onset of projection. (3) The accelerator muscle shows regional variation in morphology that corresponds with variation in motor pattern. The anterior region of the muscle, unlike the posterior portion, exhibits only a single burst of activity that begins 2.5 ms after the onset of tongue projection and is thus not involved in launching the tongue. (4) The geniohyoidei, sternohyoidei, sternothyroidei, depressor mandibulae, adductor mandibulae and pterygoideus all exhibit activity patterns consistent with previously reported kinematic patterns and their proposed roles. The major implications of these results for models of the chameleon feeding mechanism are (1) that the hyoglossi do not act to hold the tongue on the entoglossal process during a loading period prior to tongue projection, and (2) that the presence of 185 ms of intense activity in the accelerator muscle prior to tongue projection suggests the presence of a preloading mechanism, the nature of which is the subject of the companion paper.},
  copyright = {http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jonathan/Zotero/storage/XFARUK59/Wainwright and Bennett - 1992 - The Mechanism Of Tongue Projection In Chameleons .pdf}
}

@article{zotero-1,
  type = {Article}
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@article{zotero-8,
  type = {Article}
}