diff --git a/execution/errors.go b/execution/errors.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2241b86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/execution/errors.go
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+package execution
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/BlocSoc-iitr/selene/consensus/consensus_core"
+	"github.com/BlocSoc-iitr/selene/consensus/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/accounts/abi"
+)
+
+// ExecutionError represents various execution-related errors
+type ExecutionError struct {
+	Kind    string
+	Details interface{}
+}
+
+func (e *ExecutionError) Error() string {
+	switch e.Kind {
+	case "InvalidAccountProof":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("invalid account proof for string: %v", e.Details)
+	case "InvalidStorageProof":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("invalid storage proof for string: %v, slot: %v", details[0], details[1])
+	case "CodeHashMismatch":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("code hash mismatch for string: %v, found: %v, expected: %v", details[0], details[1], details[2])
+	case "ReceiptRootMismatch":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("receipt root mismatch for tx: %v", e.Details)
+	case "MissingTransaction":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("missing transaction for tx: %v", e.Details)
+	case "NoReceiptForTransaction":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("could not prove receipt for tx: %v", e.Details)
+	case "MissingLog":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("missing log for transaction: %v, index: %v", details[0], details[1])
+	case "TooManyLogsToProve":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("too many logs to prove: %v, current limit is: %v", details[0], details[1])
+	case "IncorrectRpcNetwork":
+		return "execution RPC is for the incorrect network"
+	case "InvalidBaseGasFee":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Invalid base gas fee selene %v vs rpc endpoint %v at block %v", details[0], details[1], details[2])
+	case "InvalidGasUsedRatio":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Invalid gas used ratio of selene %v vs rpc endpoint %v at block %v", details[0], details[1], details[2])
+	case "BlockNotFoundError":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("Block %v not found", e.Details)
+	case "EmptyExecutionPayload":
+		return "Selene Execution Payload is empty"
+	case "InvalidBlockRange":
+		details := e.Details.([]interface{})
+		return fmt.Sprintf("User query for block %v but selene oldest block is %v", details[0], details[1])
+	default:
+		return "unknown execution error"
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper functions to create specific ExecutionError instances
+func NewInvalidAccountProofError(address types.Address) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"InvalidAccountProof", address}
+}
+
+func NewInvalidStorageProofError(address types.Address, slot consensus_core.Bytes32) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"InvalidStorageProof", []interface{}{address, slot}}
+}
+
+func NewCodeHashMismatchError(address types.Address, found consensus_core.Bytes32, expected consensus_core.Bytes32) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"CodeHashMismatch", []interface{}{address, found, expected}}
+}
+
+func NewReceiptRootMismatchError(tx consensus_core.Bytes32) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"ReceiptRootMismatch", tx}
+}
+
+func NewMissingTransactionError(tx consensus_core.Bytes32) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"MissingTransaction", tx}
+}
+
+func NewNoReceiptForTransactionError(tx consensus_core.Bytes32) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"NoReceiptForTransaction", tx}
+}
+
+func NewMissingLogError(tx consensus_core.Bytes32, index uint64) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"MissingLog", []interface{}{tx, index}}
+}
+
+func NewTooManyLogsToProveError(count int, limit int) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"TooManyLogsToProve", []interface{}{count, limit}}
+}
+
+func NewIncorrectRpcNetworkError() error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"IncorrectRpcNetwork", nil}
+}
+
+func NewInvalidBaseGasFeeError(selene uint64, rpc uint64, block uint64) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"InvalidBaseGasFee", []interface{}{selene, rpc, block}}
+}
+
+func NewInvalidGasUsedRatioError(seleneRatio float64, rpcRatio float64, block uint64) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"InvalidGasUsedRatio", []interface{}{seleneRatio, rpcRatio, block}}
+}
+
+func NewBlockNotFoundError(block uint64) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"BlockNotFoundError", block}
+}
+
+func NewEmptyExecutionPayloadError() error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"EmptyExecutionPayload", nil}
+}
+
+func NewInvalidBlockRangeError(queryBlock uint64, oldestBlock uint64) error {
+	return &ExecutionError{"InvalidBlockRange", []interface{}{queryBlock, oldestBlock}}
+}
+
+// EvmError represents EVM-related errors
+type EvmError struct {
+	Kind    string
+	Details interface{}
+}
+
+func (e *EvmError) Error() string {
+	switch e.Kind {
+	case "Revert":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("execution reverted: %v", e.Details)
+	case "Generic":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("evm error: %v", e.Details)
+	case "RpcError":
+		return fmt.Sprintf("rpc error: %v", e.Details)
+	default:
+		return "unknown evm error"
+	}
+}
+
+// Helper functions for creating specific EVM errors
+func NewRevertError(data []byte) error {
+	return &EvmError{"Revert", data}
+}
+
+func NewGenericError(message string) error {
+	return &EvmError{"Generic", message}
+}
+
+func NewRpcError(report error) error {
+	return &EvmError{"RpcError", report}
+}
+
+func DecodeRevertReason(data []byte) string {
+	reason, err := abi.UnpackRevert(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		reason = string(err.Error())
+	}
+	return reason
+}
diff --git a/execution/proof.go b/execution/proof.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..549e7ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/execution/proof.go
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+package execution
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/sha3"
+)
+
+// EIP1186AccountProofResponse for account proof encoding
+type EIP1186AccountProofResponse struct {
+	Nonce       uint64
+	Balance     *big.Int
+	StorageHash [32]byte
+	CodeHash    [32]byte
+}
+
+func VerifyProof(proof [][]byte, root []byte, path []byte, value []byte) (bool, error) {
+	expectedHash := root
+	pathOffset := 0
+
+	for i, node := range proof {
+		if !bytes.Equal(expectedHash, keccak256(node)) {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+
+		var nodeList [][]byte
+		if err := rlp.DecodeBytes(node, &nodeList); err != nil {
+			fmt.Println("Error decoding node:", err)
+			return false, err
+		}
+
+		if len(nodeList) == 17 {
+			if i == len(proof)-1 {
+				// exclusion proof
+				nibble := getNibble(path, pathOffset)
+				if len(nodeList[nibble]) == 0 && isEmptyValue(value) {
+					return true, nil
+				}
+			} else {
+				nibble := getNibble(path, pathOffset)
+				expectedHash = nodeList[nibble]
+				pathOffset++
+			}
+		} else if len(nodeList) == 2 {
+			if i == len(proof)-1 {
+				// exclusion proof
+				if !pathsMatch(nodeList[0], skipLength(nodeList[0]), path, pathOffset) && isEmptyValue(value) {
+					return true, nil
+				}
+
+				// inclusion proof
+				if bytes.Equal(nodeList[1], value) {
+					return pathsMatch(nodeList[0], skipLength(nodeList[0]), path, pathOffset), nil
+				}
+			} else {
+				nodePath := nodeList[0]
+				prefixLength := sharedPrefixLength(path, pathOffset, nodePath)
+				if prefixLength < len(nodePath)*2-skipLength(nodePath) {
+					// Proof shows a divergent path , but we're not at the leaf yet
+					return false, nil
+				}
+				pathOffset += prefixLength
+				expectedHash = nodeList[1]
+			}
+		} else {
+			return false, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, nil
+}
+
+func pathsMatch(p1 []byte, s1 int, p2 []byte, s2 int) bool {
+	len1 := len(p1)*2 - s1
+	len2 := len(p2)*2 - s2
+
+	if len1 != len2 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	for offset := 0; offset < len1; offset++ {
+		n1 := getNibble(p1, s1+offset)
+		n2 := getNibble(p2, s2+offset)
+		if n1 != n2 {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// dead code
+func GetRestPath(p []byte, s int) string {
+	var ret string
+	for i := s; i < len(p)*2; i++ {
+		n := getNibble(p, i)
+		ret += fmt.Sprintf("%01x", n)
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func isEmptyValue(value []byte) bool {
+	emptyAccount := Account{
+		Nonce:       0,
+		Balance:     big.NewInt(0),
+		StorageHash: [32]byte{0x56, 0xe8, 0x1f, 0x17, 0x1b, 0xcc, 0x55, 0xa6, 0xff, 0x83, 0x45, 0xe6, 0x92, 0xc0, 0xf8, 0x6e, 0x5b, 0x48, 0xe0, 0x1b, 0x99, 0x6c, 0xad, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x62, 0x2f, 0xb5, 0xe3, 0x63, 0xb4, 0x21},
+		CodeHash:    [32]byte{0xc5, 0xd2, 0x46, 0x01, 0x86, 0xf7, 0x23, 0x3c, 0x92, 0x7e, 0x7d, 0xb2, 0xdc, 0xc7, 0x03, 0xc0, 0xe5, 0x00, 0xb6, 0x53, 0xca, 0x82, 0x27, 0x3b, 0x7b, 0xfa, 0xd8, 0x04, 0x5d, 0x85, 0xa4, 0x70},
+	}
+
+	encodedEmptyAccount, _ := rlp.EncodeToBytes(emptyAccount)
+
+	isEmptySlot := len(value) == 1 && value[0] == 0x80
+	isEmptyAccount := bytes.Equal(value, encodedEmptyAccount)
+
+	return isEmptySlot || isEmptyAccount
+}
+
+func sharedPrefixLength(path []byte, pathOffset int, nodePath []byte) int {
+	skipLength := skipLength(nodePath)
+
+	len1 := min(len(nodePath)*2-skipLength, len(path)*2-pathOffset)
+	prefixLen := 0
+
+	for i := 0; i < len1; i++ {
+		pathNibble := getNibble(path, i+pathOffset)
+		nodePathNibble := getNibble(nodePath, i+skipLength)
+		if pathNibble != nodePathNibble {
+			break
+		}
+		prefixLen++
+	}
+
+	return prefixLen
+}
+
+func skipLength(node []byte) int {
+	if len(node) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	nibble := getNibble(node, 0)
+	switch nibble {
+	case 0, 2:
+		return 2
+	case 1, 3:
+		return 1
+	default:
+		return 0
+	}
+}
+
+func getNibble(path []byte, offset int) byte {
+	byteVal := path[offset/2]
+	if offset%2 == 0 {
+		return byteVal >> 4
+	}
+	return byteVal & 0xF
+}
+
+func keccak256(data []byte) []byte {
+	hash := sha3.NewLegacyKeccak256()
+	hash.Write(data)
+	return hash.Sum(nil)
+}
+
+func EncodeAccount(proof *EIP1186AccountProofResponse) ([]byte, error) {
+	account := Account{
+		Nonce:       proof.Nonce,
+		Balance:     proof.Balance,
+		StorageHash: proof.StorageHash,
+		CodeHash:    proof.CodeHash,
+	}
+
+	return rlp.EncodeToBytes(account)
+}
+
+// Make a generic function for it
+func min(a, b int) int {
+	if a < b {
+		return a
+	}
+	return b
+}